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\title{Analysis of Electro-Thermal Characteristics of a Conductive Layer with Cracks and Holes}
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             \author[1]{Palash  Mondal}

             \author[2]{Md. Abdullah Al  Ahad}

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\date{\small \em Received: 8 December 2013 Accepted: 3 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Electro-thermal characteristics of conductive layer with edge crack and internal hole subjected to steady current has been studied numerically. In this paper, an attempt has been made to determine the effects of presence of edge cracks or internal hole in conductive layers with different parameters by finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation. The characteristics are evaluated in terms of electrical and mechanical parameters that can be expressed in terms of electric potential and temperature at different locations of the layer. The result shows that the generated temperature profiles are affected by edge crack or internal hole in a conductive layer. The effects of practical issues are also being analyzed which include variable crosssection, various materials, variable material properties, electrical and thermal insulation etc.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{electro-thermal, cracks, holes, comsol, simulation, finite elementary method.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
oday's world is extensively and rapidly inclining to miniaturizing of electronic components to meet the demands and flexibility. Miniaturization of electronic devices has led to tremendous integration levels, with complicated network of conductive layer assembled together on a chip area no larger than a few square centimeters \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. The thermal characteristics of the incorporated conductive layer undergo a huge amount of current \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. This phenomenon is unavoidable in modern electronics, so it is indeed an urge of time to investigate the electro-thermal problems and determine the associated resultant temperature fields properly, as far as the reliability of electronic devices is concerned. When an electrically conducting material is subjected to a current flow, Joule heating is induced, which eventually leads to the generation of heat in the conductor. This electrical and thermal conduction ultimately causes thermal stress in the materials, which is considered to be one of the major reasons of metal line failure in electronic packaging \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.\par
The problem of heat conduction in a layer under the influence of current flow has been explained theoretically by Carslaw and Jaeger \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Steady temperature distribution near the tip of a crack in a homogeneous isotropic conductive plate was Authors ? : Bangladesh University of Engineering \& Technology, Dhaka. e-mails: palash.me06@gmail.com, ? aahad16@gmail.com analyzed by Saka and Abe \hyperref[b4]{[5]} under a direct current field with the help of pathindependent integrals. Further, the analysis was extended by Sasagawa et al. \hyperref[b5]{[6]} to determine the current density and temperature distributions near the corner of an angled metal line subjected to direct current flow. Greenwood and Williamson \hyperref[b6]{[7]} treated the case of a conductor subjected to a direct current flow, in which temperature dependent material properties were considered, and showed that equipotential were isothermals under the assumption that the relationship between the temperature and electrical potential at the positions of current input and output satisfied the condition of zero electro-thermal heat flux vector \hyperref[b7]{[8]}, and the remaining portion of the boundary was insulated both electrically and thermally.\par
This paper represents a study on the electrical and thermal conduction through a conductive metal layer having edge cracks or internal holes subjected to constant current density. The method of Greenwood and Williamson was extended by Jang \hyperref[b8]{[9]} is used to obtain a solution to the coupled nonlinear problem of steady-state electrical and thermal conduction across a crack in a conductive layer for which material properties were assumed to be functions of temperature.\par
The main aim of the current work is focused on conducting a comprehensive numerical modeling of potential distribution and thermal gradient due to the effect of various relevant parameters like varying crack depth and internal holes of different geometrical shapes. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Physical Model}]{Physical Model}\par
We considered the current and heat balances in a two dimensional approximation of the real geometry, as the thickness considered is negligible. The physical model considered in the present study is a two-dimensional rectangular film of copper as shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_2]{1}. The length and width of the layer is 0.2m and 0.1m respectively. The constant current density, J n =30MAm -2 is injected from the left boundary (1) which passes through the whole layer and exists from the right boundary (4). The left and right boundaries are kept at temperature T i =328K and T o =273K respectively while the top (3) and bottom \hyperref[b1]{(2)} edges are kept both thermally and electrically insulated.   
\section[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering} 
\section[{Mathematical Formulation}]{Mathematical Formulation}\par
When a conductive layer is subjected to a constant current, there will be potential difference throughout the layer. The electric potential strongly depends on electrical resistivity of the layer material and the value of injected current. That potential difference affects heat generation, which finally involves in calculating thermal distribution. The energy generation term in the governing equation is calculated based on the distribution of electrical potential, there by leading to a coupled analysis of heat transfer problem with electrical problem. 
\section[{a) Electrical Problem}]{a) Electrical Problem}\par
At a point in space, the electric potential is the potential energy per unit of change that is associated with a static (time invariant) field. The electric field at a point is equal to the negative gradient of the electric potential over there. In symbols, \hyperref[b0]{(1)} Where, is the scalar field representing the electric potential at a given point and E is the corresponding electric field. The continuum form of Ohm's law is \hyperref[b1]{(2)} Which is only valid in the reference form of the conductive material. Equation (  {\ref 2}) can be written for orthographic / isotropic material as, ! = ??! ?! = ?!"!! i! ! + j! ! + k! ! = ? 1 ! ! !" !" + ! !" !" + ! !" !" !\textbf{(3)}\par
If the material is anisotropic, we can conclude as,\par
According to conservation of current law, for stationary current and no free charge in that region, \hyperref[b4]{(5)} From ( 4) and (  {\ref 5}), for the two dimensional analysis, \hyperref[b5]{(6)} The boundary conditions for prescribed electrical potential distribution are: And for electrical insulation or prescribed current density,! ! = ? ! ! ! !" !" , !! ! = ? ! ! ! !" !" , ! ! = ? ! ! ! !" !" !! ! !" + !! ! !" + !! ! !" = 0 ! ! ? !" ! + ! ! ! !" ! = 0 ! 0, ! = ! ! , !! !, ! = ! ! ! !, 0 = 0, ! 0, ! = 0 At!! = 0, !" ! = ?!" At ! = !, !" !" = !" At!! = 0, !" !" = 0 At ! = !, !" !" = 0 !(!, !, !)\par
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( )A Volume XIV Issue I Version I b) Thermal Problem\par
The temperature distribution of a conductive layer is easily understood when the wire is subjected to both-endfixed temperature, open to atmosphere at bothends etc. But if the layer is subjected to Joule heating or heating due to current, temperature distribution largely depends on thermal conductivity, convection co-efficient of a material.\par
The energy balance equation for the volume element is stated as-So arranging we get, \par
Here, potential distribution, which is found by electrical analysis of a conductive layer, is put in above equation and the heat generation is calculated. Then heat generation is used in thermal analysis where temperature distribution of that conductive layer is evaluated. In this study, the Galerkin weighted residual method of finite-element formulation is used as a numerical procedure. The finite element method begins by the partitions of the continuum area of interest into a number of simply shaped regions called elements. These elements may be of different size and shapes. Within each element, the dependent variable is approximated using interpolation functions.\par
The coupled governing equations ( 14)-(  {\ref 15}) are transformed into sets of algebraic equations using the finite element method to reduce the continuum domain into discrete triangular domains. The system of!!"!!"\#\$! !" !?!"\#!!"\#\$ !"! !"\#\$\%!\&'"\# ? ? !"\#!!"\#\$! !"! ?!"\#!!"\#\#! !!"! !"\#\$\%!\&'"\# ?? + !"\#\$!!"! !"!\#\$\% !!"\#"\$\%\&'(\# ??? = !"\#\$!!" !!"\#\$\%\&'\% !!" !?!"\#\$\% !!"!\#\$\% ?! ? ! ! [!!] ! ![!!] !!?! ?! ? !! ! ! ! ? ! ! + ! = !! ! !" !" ! ! ! !" !" !" !" ? !! ! ! ! ? ! ! + ! = !! ! !" !" !!!!! ! ! ! !" !! ! !" !" + ! ! ! !" !! ! !" !" ? !! ! ! ! ? ! ! +! = !! ! !" !" ! ! ! !" !! ! !" !" + ! ! ! !" !! ! !" !" ? !! ! ! ! ? ! ! +! = 0 ! !" ! !" !" + ! !" ! !" !" ? ?! ! ! ! ? ! ! + ! = 0 !( ! ! ! !! ! + ! ! ! !! ! ) ? ?! ! ! ! ? ! ! + ! = 0 1 ! ! !" !! ! !" !" + 1 ! ! !" !! ! !" !" + ! = 0 !!!,!!!!(!)!!\textunderscore ! !!!,!!!!(!)!!\textunderscore ! !!!!!!! !!!,!!!! ! !!!" !" !" !!!,!!!! ! !!" !" !" !!!!!!!!! !!!,!!! ! !" !" !!(!!! ! ) !!!,!!!!!! !" !" !!(!!! ! ) ! ! ! ! !" !! ! !" !" + ! ! ! !" !! ! !" !" ? !! ! ! ! ?! ! +!=!! ! !" !" g= ! ! ! ! + ! ! ! = !" !" ! + !" !" ! ! = ! ? 1 2!" !! !" !" + ! !" !"\par
algebraic equations is solved by iteration technique. The solution process is iterated until the subsequent convergence is satisfied.\par
Where m is the number of iteration and is the general dependent variable.\par
IV. 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
In this study, the electro-thermal characteristics of thin conductive metal layer are measured through a simulation study using the COMSOL Multiphysics software by finiteelement-method (FEM).! !!! ? ! ! ! ? 10 !! ?! 
\section[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) A Volume XIV Issue I Version I}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) A Volume XIV Issue I Version I}\par
As the generated temperature is the function of position, so the figure is dome shaped. The temperature increases along length until the center and decreases thereafter. Increasing the crack depth obviously increases the maximum temperature as at the points of crack, the current density increases which raises the temperature. Therefore, the position of maximum generated temperature is at the position of the crack, more appropriately around the tip of the crack. From Figure  {\ref -7}, it is obvious that generated maximum temperature increases proportionally with the ratio of crack depth to crack width, which ultimately that temperature is proportional to crack depth, as crack width is constant. In case of holes, Figure  {\ref 5} shows the general trend of temperature distribution of a rectangular copper plate having a right-angled diamond-shaped hole at its center. Figure \hyperref[fig_2]{10} represents the change of temperature with change of hole shape keeping the boundary condition unchanged.  The temperature is dependent on heat generation and V| i.e. g is dependent on axial position. The figure shows that the shape is almost same for circle, diamond and rectangle. But with reversed triangle (Vertex is opposite to current input direction) the temperature is little lower.   
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Thermal and electrical characteristics of uniform and non-uniform conductive layers are studied in this research and the analysis was done by computer simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. In this paper, conductive layers with different types and shapes of internal holes as well as edge cracks are studied.\par
When analyzing edge crack, it is also seen that crack on conductive layer affects electrical potential and the temperature distribution. An interesting result is found that increasing the crack depth has more significant effect than changing the crack position when other parameters are unchanged. Sharp drop of electrical potential at crack position indicates the sudden change of temperature at that position.\par
It has been investigated that any kind of hole in a conductive layer increases the temperature. Impacts of circular, diamond-shaped, rectangular and triangular holes are studied. Changing the shape of the internal hole creates little fluctuation on characteristic curves. \begin{figure}[htbp]
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\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{Analysis of Electro-Thermal Characteristics of a Conductive Layer with Cracks and Holes © 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}