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\title{Study of Environmental Impacts of the Barapukuria Thermal Power Plant of Bangladesh}
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             \author[1]{Mahadi Hasan  Masud}

             \affil[1]{  Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The generation of electricity and consumption of energy in general, result adverse effects on the environment. Barapukuria is the only natural coalmine reserve in Bangladesh that is currently in operation. Barapukuria thermal power plant produces electricity from the reserved coal. The coal available in Bangladesh is of very high quality, with low ash content and high calorific value. Coal quality plays a great role in environmental impact as well as gaseous emissions. Source of water is the major problem for the Barapukuria thermal power plant and there is a poor disposal system of the waste water. By collecting the secondary data from the authority of the Barapukuria thermal power plant, this study was accomplished at Barapukuria thermal power plant to evaluate the pollutant (SO2) emission rate and its impact on human health due to air pollution. In this study attempts were made to find out the major environmental impacts to Barapukuria thermal power plant and finally showed the possible recommendations to reduce the impacts.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{emission; health impact; environmental pollution; thermal power plant.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle  {\ref [1]}. Barapukuria power plant is a power station which follows the Rankine cycle. Barapukuria is the only natural coalmine reserve in Bangladesh that is in currently operation. The overall capacity of Barapukuria Thermal Power Plant is 250MW. Total electricity generation is extracted into two units as 2x125MW. In order to alleviate the electricity crisis in Bangladesh, Barapukuria Coal and Power project is a blessing indeed \hyperref[b0]{[2]}.\par
Besides the blessing indeed property Barapukuria power plant has some adverse effect also. One of the major effects of the power station is the exhaust emission. Due to continuous \& long lasting emission of SO x \& NO x , which are the principal pollutants coal based plants.. It is also worth to note that very high amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission (0.9-0.95kg/kWh ) from thermal power plants contribute to global warming leading to climate change \hyperref[b1]{[3]}.\par
Also Thermal Power Plants have been found to affect Environmental segments of the surrounding region very badly. Environmental deterioration is attributed to emission of large amount of SO x , NO x \& SPM which disperse over 25kms radius and cause respiratory and related ailments to human beings and animal kingdom. The SPM also includes RSPM (respirable suspended particulate matters) and both types of fine particles normally spread over 25kms from the Thermal Power station.\par
Alam et al. \hyperref[b2]{[4]} in their study gives emphasis on the evaluation of possible environmental impacts for Barapukuria thermal power plant and coal mine. In his work an attempt was taken to conduct environmental impact assessment of Barapukuria thermal power. Tamim et al. \hyperref[b3]{[5]} shows the analysis of fly ash of Barapukuria thermal power plant. Fly ash is one of the common residues produced from combustion of coal. But the study was not enough to recommend the possible measurement to reduce the adverse impact of Barapukuria Power Plant. Now the aim is that, to find out the possible environmental impacts by studying the data from water treatment plant, coal handling unit, ash handling unit and I \&C department of Barapukuria thermal power plant and recommending the possible way to minimize the impacts. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The study was based on field observations, sample collections and data collection. Coal, soil and drain water samples were collected from the study area for sampling. Coal sample and soil data are collected from the authority of Barapukuria thermal power plant.\par
Overall thesis work was completed by following steps:\par
Data Collection: The thesis covers both secondary and primary data. Here secondary and primary data sources are used to estimate the emissions and their effects from Barapukuria thermal power plant.\par
Secondary Data: Secondary data were collected from the authority of Barapukuria thermal power plant, sequentially from the water treatment plant, I\&C department, coal \& ash handling unit.\par
Primary Data: Primary data were collected from the analysis of several thesis work based on Barapukuria thermal power plant.\par
Drain water sample was collected from the Barapukuria thermal power plant and data of drained water collected from the chemistry department to find Exhaust gas emission data was collected from the I\&C department of the Barapukuria thermal power plant. Fly ash quantities was calculated from the data given by the authority.  
\section[{Data Collection and Analysis}]{Data Collection and Analysis}\par
As mentioned in the methodology that the data is collected from the different sources.\par
Survey to the inhabitants: A survey was directed to the surrounding area within about 5km from the power plant. A conversation was made among 210 people of different profession nearby the plant area to investigate the impact on their health. They informed about their health condition (suffered by the Barapukuria power plant). The survey was based on several questions about asthma, allergy, skin diseases, and other respiratory problems on their health impact. Result of the survey given in table (1). The above Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} reveals that 14\% of the inhabitants suffer from allergy, asthma, skin diseases and other respiratory problems and the 58\% of the inhabitants were undecided and rest of the 38\% were disagreed about the effect of exhaust emission from the Barapukuria thermal power plant.\par
Conversation was also made with the local doctors about the patient condition around the power plant area. They informed that the skin diseases and the respiratory problems have been increased since when the Barapukuria power plant started operation in 2006.  It is clear from the analysis that the Mn concentration was found in the range 0.19 to 0.26 mg/L. The ph was found slightly acidic (7.2 to 7.4). Bacteria is within WHO ranges. The concentration of bacteria was found from 7.5. It is also found that S0 4 2concentration is 2.4 mg/l in gut side boundary drain water and 3.1 mg/l in outside boundary water, which is within the WHO range .NO 3 is slightly varied from the standard range and the concentration of Fe3 was found within the WHO range.\par
V. 
\section[{Coal Analysis}]{Coal Analysis}\par
Coal, the most important fossil fuel remained essential in achieving a diverse, balance and secure energy mix. Barapukuria Coal field has been operating officially since 2004, with a coal reserve of 390 Million Tones. The yearly production is 1 million tones, out of which 65\% is supplied to the Barapukuria Coal fired Thermal Power Plant, the only operating thermal power plant of Bangladesh, with a capacity of 250MW \hyperref[b4]{[6]}.  Fly ash disposal is carried out by two techniques, namely dry disposal scheme and Wet disposal scheme. In dry disposal, the produced fly ash is transported from site by various methods (truck, conveyor belt etc.) and disposed into a dry embankment. In wet disposal, the fly ash is mixed with water to form a slurry, which is transported by pipes to be disposed off in a confinement called the 'ash pond' \hyperref[b5]{[7]}.  All the reading are taken away from the emission point of power plant, this show that emission is somehow more than allowable limit. When the power plant which are in construction phase when they start their operation then this limit is easily exceeded. So we should take care of all such factors as well as take necessary preventive action to control this emission level .\par
VI. Impact on water: The water requirement for Barapukuria thermal power plant is 60ton/hr for each unit. Among these water 30 ton/hr is drained and rest of water is recycling. Ash pond decant contains harmful heavy metals like B, As, Hg which have a tendency to leach out over a period of time. Due to this the ground water gets polluted and becomes unsuitable for domestic use. 9m 3 /h of industrial waste water is discharged directly into the Tilai River without waste water cleaning. a) The drained water which is directly disposed to the Tilai river without cleaning waste water should be cleaned before disposing. b) There is not any process of reusing the ash, directly thrown in the nearest ash pond. Fly ash can be used in different construction purposes. From the study of this thesis shows that the analyzed fly ash are of useful component for recovery of alumina, opencast mine filling, road reclamation, cement and concrete production, waste water treatment and various agricultural applications. c) Flue Gas De-sulphurization (FGD) process can be applied to remove sulphar from the flue gas More source of water can be thought not only by using the ground water VIII. 
\section[{Summerisation of Impacts on Environment}]{Summerisation of Impacts on Environment} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The analysis showed that the emission of SO x, NO x and particulates matter is in allowable range but this may cause adverse effect to the environment of the surrounding region. ? Total emissions from the Barapukuria thermal power plant is 1.1ton/hr. ? The high amount of CO 2 emission from thermal power plants before 2009 was 756,020 tons, that make the Barapukuria thermal power plant a red marked power plant in this zone ? Problem associated with ground water is the main challenge of Barapukuria Thermal Power Plant. ? There found poor productivity of cultivating crops due to the lack of water source. ? Upper surface of land become more alkaline due to components of fly ash. ? A significant amount of inhabitants (14\%) suffered by the impacts of Barapukuria thermal power plant. ? 47.3 \% of inhabitants ensured about less production of their crops, ash in the air, and leaf damage due to fly ash or flue gas.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19966442953020133\textwidth}P{0.07416107382550335\textwidth}P{0.07986577181208054\textwidth}P{0.10838926174496645\textwidth}P{0.17684563758389263\textwidth}P{0.0855704697986577\textwidth}P{0.12550335570469798\textwidth}}
Variable\tabcellsep Asthma\tabcellsep Allergy\tabcellsep Skin\tabcellsep Other\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep Percentages\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep diseases\tabcellsep respiratory\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \%\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep problem\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Agree\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 14\\
Undecided\tabcellsep 35\tabcellsep 33\tabcellsep 24\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 58\\
Disagree\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 30\tabcellsep 80\tabcellsep 38\\
Total\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 210\tabcellsep 100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.28212765957446806\textwidth}P{0.3038297872340426\textwidth}P{0.26404255319148934\textwidth}}
Water\tabcellsep Gut side\tabcellsep Outside\\
parameters\tabcellsep boundary\tabcellsep drain water\\
\tabcellsep drain water\tabcellsep \\
Mn\tabcellsep 0.19 mg/L\tabcellsep 0.26mg/L\\
pH\tabcellsep 7.2\tabcellsep 7.4\\
Total count\tabcellsep 7.5x10 4\tabcellsep 10x10 4\\
\tabcellsep C.F.U/100mL\tabcellsep C.F.U/100mL\\
Total coliform\tabcellsep 28\tabcellsep 28\\
Fecal\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 9\\
coliform\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
As\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\
SO 4 2-\tabcellsep 2.4mg/L\tabcellsep 3.1mg/L\\
NO 3 -N\tabcellsep 0.4mg/L\tabcellsep 1.6mg/L\\
Fe 3+\tabcellsep 0.45mg/L\tabcellsep 0.61mg/L\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
XIV Issue I Version I\\
( ) A Volume\\
of Researches in Engineering\\
Global Journal\\
? Coal consumption/kWh: 0.4 kg\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07888631090487239\textwidth}P{0.15185614849187934\textwidth}P{0.21496519721577725\textwidth}P{0.20116009280742458\textwidth}P{0.20313225058004641\textwidth}}
Date\tabcellsep Particulates\tabcellsep Units\tabcellsep Time:\tabcellsep Time:\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 12.00\tabcellsep 24.00\\
12-8-2012\tabcellsep NO x\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 182.22\tabcellsep 182.26\\
\tabcellsep SO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 327.20\tabcellsep 327.20\\
\tabcellsep CO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 10.48\tabcellsep 10.49\\
\tabcellsep O 2\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep 6.37\tabcellsep 6.37\\
\tabcellsep Dust\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 125.20\tabcellsep 125.20\\
14-8-2012\tabcellsep NO x\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 172.42\tabcellsep 171.26\\
\tabcellsep SO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 357.20\tabcellsep 348.29\\
\tabcellsep CO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 9.44\tabcellsep 10.49\\
\tabcellsep O 2\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep 6.67\tabcellsep 6.37\\
\tabcellsep Dust\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 122.29\tabcellsep 121.22\\
16-8-2012\tabcellsep NO x\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 179.33\tabcellsep 180.26\\
\tabcellsep SO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 318.23\tabcellsep 315.20\\
\tabcellsep CO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 11.45\tabcellsep 11.33\\
\tabcellsep O 2\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep 6.97\tabcellsep 6.87\\
\tabcellsep Dust\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 128.20\tabcellsep 129.50\\
18-8-2012\tabcellsep NO x\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 168.32\tabcellsep 169.26\\
\tabcellsep SO 2\tabcellsep mg/Nm 3\tabcellsep 344.76\tabcellsep 344.46\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{Year 2014} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
The above Table  {\ref 2}.2 reveals that 47.36\% of the inhabitants were agreed that it causes less production, ash in the air, ash deposited in the leaf, and the26.33\% were undecided and the 26.31\% were disagreed.  
\subsection[{Analysis of Waste Water (drained)}]{Analysis of Waste Water (drained)}\par
The test result of drained water sample showed that pH is slightly basic.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
