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\title{Performance Improvement of a Domestic Refrigerator by using PCM (Phase Change Material)}
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             \author[1]{Md. Arafat  Hossain}

             \affil[1]{  }

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2012 Accepted: 31 December 2012 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The paper investigates the performance improvement provided by a phase change material associated with the evaporator in a domesticrefrigerator. The heat release and storage rate of a refrigerator is depends upon the characteristics of refrigerant and its properties. Theusage of PCM as TS will help to improve the COP (Coefficient of performance) of new refrigeration cycle by introducing a new sub coolingroutine. The analysis of the experiment exemplifies the improvement of the system coefficient of performance considerably. Using water asPCM and for a certain thermal load it is found that the coefficient of performance of the conventional refrigerator increased by 55-60%.This improvement by sub cooling can be done for single evaporator refrigeration system. Because of prolonging of the compressor off timeby using the latent heat of energy of the PCM capsulated ice, used as the thermal energy storage material, has been investigatednumerically. We can have better food quality due to lower hysteresis cycles of on/off for a given period of operation.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{phase change material, refrigerator, cop, compressor.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he most alarming environmental disorder namely "GlobalWarming" refers to the rising temperature of Earth'satmosphere and ocean and its projected continuation. Theheat from the Sun is entrapped in the Earth and thusincreases the temperature of the atmosphere by Green houseEffect. Refrigeration system is directly and invisiblyresponsible for Global Warming problem. For the typicalhome of the early 1990s, a frostfree refrigerator or freezerwas the second most expensive home appliance to operatebesides the water heater. Appliance makers were requiredto include labels listing an estimate of the annual cost ofrunning each appliance so consumers could compare costsand energy usage. \hyperref[b0]{[1]} A refrigerator (colloquially fridge) is a common householdappliance that consists of a thermally insulatedcompartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic, orchemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge toits external environment so that the inside of the fridge iscooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature ofthe room. [2] Domestic refrigerators are among the most energydemanding appliances in a household due to their continuous operation. \hyperref[b1]{[3]} The domestic refrigerator is one found in almost all thehomes for storing food, vegetables, fruits, beverages, andmuch more.  {\ref [4]} Materials that can store thermal energy reversible over along time period are often referred to as latent heat storagematerials.  
\section[{III. Overview of Phase Change Material (PCM)}]{III. Overview of Phase Change Material (PCM)}\par
PCMs latent heat storage can be achieved through solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas and liquidgas phase change.However, the only phase change used for PCMs is thesolid-liquid change.\par
Thermal Energy Storage through Phase Change materialhas been used for wide applications in the field of airconditioning and refrigeration especially at industrial scale. \hyperref[b2]{[6]} A phase-change material (PCM) is a substance with ahigh heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at acertain temperature, is capable of storing and releasinglarge amounts of energy. \hyperref[b3]{[7]} Even though the thermal conductivity of phase changematerials (PCM) is usually not high, it is sufficient toenhance the global heat transfer conditions of an evaporatorwith air as external fluid and natural convection as heattransfer mechanism.  {\ref [} The vapor-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerantas the medium which absorbs and removes heat from thespace to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heatelsewhere. Figure depicts a typical, single-stage vaporcompressionsystem. All such systems have fourcomponents: a compressor, a condenser, a Thermalexpansion valve (also called a throttle valve or Tx Valve),and an evaporator. Circulating refrigerant enters thecompressor in the thermodynamic state known as asaturated vapor and is compressed to a higher pressure,resulting in a higher temperature as well. \hyperref[b5]{[9]} Figure \hyperref[fig_4]{1}: Vapor compression refrigeration system V. 
\section[{USING PCM AS LATENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM}]{USING PCM AS LATENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM}\par
In the conventional household refrigerator the compressorworks in ON/OFF mode. The refrigerant of the evaporatorcoil takes the cabinet coil takes the cabinet heat duringcompressor ON mode. If PCM is used in the cabinet then itwill take most of the heat by changing its phase from solidto liquid. The temperature is constant until the meltingprocess in finished. Moreover, if the PCM is touched withthe evaporator coil the stored heat energy of PCM will beextracted by the refrigerant through conduction methodduring compressor on mode. The conduction transfer isfaster than the natural convection heat transfer. In theconventional refrigerator the cabinet heat is extracted by therefrigerant through natural convection. So the PCM willimprove the heat transfer performance of the evaporatoralso.\par
A mathematical model of parallel plate's field with a phasechange material that absorbs heat from the flow of warmmoist air was developed and validated. In this study, effectsof the design and the operating condition on theperformance of the system are discussed only for themelting process and the interaction with the refrigerationsystem is not studied.  {\ref [}    
\section[{Data Collection and Result}]{Data Collection and Result}\par
The following data have been collected for each test run atthe steady state condition of the system.\par
?      
\section[{Discussion}]{Discussion}\par
Experiments were carried out under certain thermal loadswith water as PCM. Here the effect PCM in certainquantities in this case 5 liters at certain thermal loads on theperformance parameter of house hold refrigerator. Thenumber of compressor on-off cycle within a certain periodof time for different PCMs and without PCM can bepointed up. Use of water as PCM imposes a great impact onCOP improvement at certain thermal loads. Using water asPCM and certain thermal load it is found that the 55-60\%COP improvement has been achieved by the PCM inrespect without PCM in conventional refrigerator.\par
During the compressor running the refrigerant takes thechamber heat byfree convection in case of without PCM,which is slower heat transfer process in respect toconduction process. But PCM most of the heat in thecabinet is stored in the PCM during compressor runningtime. Since the conduction heat transfer process is fasterthan the free convection process the cooling coil temperature does not require dropping very low to maintaindesired cabinet temperature. As result the evaporator worksat high temperature and pressure with PCM. Moreover, dueto high operating pressure and temperature of theevaporator the density of the refrigerant vapor increases, asa result the heat extracted from the evaporator by the fixedvolumetric rate compressor is higher than without PCM.  
\section[{IX.}]{IX.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{23}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{46}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 4 :Figure 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}P 1 =}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}?? At step 6 COP}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07584615384615384\textwidth}P{0.16825641025641025\textwidth}P{0.13164102564102564\textwidth}P{0.11682051282051281\textwidth}P{0.09066666666666667\textwidth}P{0.09241025641025641\textwidth}P{0.08717948717948718\textwidth}P{0.08717948717948718\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Time Reading\tabcellsep Evaporator inlet Pressure\tabcellsep Condenser outlet Pressure\tabcellsep Compressor inlet Temp\tabcellsep Compressor outlet Temp\tabcellsep Condenser inlet Temp\tabcellsep Condenser outlet Temp\\
\tabcellsep taken\tabcellsep P1 bar\tabcellsep P3 bar\tabcellsep T1 ? C\tabcellsep T2 ? C\tabcellsep T3? C\tabcellsep T4? C\\
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\tabcellsep am\tabcellsep 0.4\tabcellsep 8.5\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 53\tabcellsep 36\tabcellsep 17\\
013 2\tabcellsep 11.40 am\tabcellsep 0.44\tabcellsep 9\tabcellsep 26\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 19\\
Year\tabcellsep 11.55 am\tabcellsep 0.47\tabcellsep 9.5\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 61\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 18\\
20\tabcellsep 12.1\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep pm\tabcellsep 0.51\tabcellsep 10\tabcellsep 27\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 39\tabcellsep 21\\
Volume XIII Issue X Version I\tabcellsep 12.25 pm 12.40 pm 12.55pm 1.10 pm 1.25 pm\tabcellsep 0.34 0.44 0.44 0.57 0.57\tabcellsep 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.4 10.6\tabcellsep 26 22 22 20 20\tabcellsep 67 72 72 72 72\tabcellsep 38 41 39 41 42\tabcellsep 19 18 18 19 19\\
( ) A Researches in Engineering\tabcellsep Time Reading taken 10.00 am 10.15 am am 10.30\tabcellsep Evaporator inlet Pressure P1 bar 0.44 0.61 0.68\tabcellsep Condenser outlet Pressure P3 bar 11 11.5 12.4\tabcellsep Compressor inlet Temp T1 ? C 30 31 33\tabcellsep Compressor outlet Temp T2 ? C 56 59 63\tabcellsep Condenser inlet Temp T3? C 48 49 53\tabcellsep Condenser outlet Temp T4? C 22 23 25\\
of\tabcellsep 10.45\tabcellsep 0.78\tabcellsep 12.8\tabcellsep 34\tabcellsep 65\tabcellsep 58\tabcellsep 27\\
Global Journal\tabcellsep am 11.00 am 11.15 am 11.30\tabcellsep 0.98 1.02 1.02\tabcellsep 14 15.5 15.5\tabcellsep 35 35 35\tabcellsep 68 70 73\tabcellsep 59 57 58\tabcellsep 30 32 33\\
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\tabcellsep pm\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
