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\title{Design, Simulation \& Performance Evaluation of OFDM System to Reduce PAPR using SLM \& LCM with FPGA}
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             \author[1]{Aqsa  Temrikar}

             \affil[1]{  Thakur College of Engineering}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2012 Accepted: 3 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal is a major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Selected mapping (SLM) technique is one of the promising PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM. In the SLM technique, statistically independent data blocks are generated from an OFDM data block using a set of phase sequences and one with the lowest PAPR is chosen and transmitted. In this paper, we propose an SLM technique which gives sizable reduction of nearly 2dB. The paper elaborates the hardware implementation of the generated block using FPGA. The test benches and the RTL schematic are generated.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{field programmable gate array, matlab simulink, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, selective level mapping, peak-to-average power ratio and x}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he root of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme is traced back to 1960's when it was first proposed by Chang in 1968 . Since then, there has been a vigorous research effort in developing OFDM-based wireless communication systems. Over the years, OFDM has become to be the most popular transmission scheme for broadband communication systems that require highspeed 4G communication with 100 mbps data rate. Its increasing popularity is due to its spectral efficiency and inherent ro-bustness to channel impairments. In addition, the OFDM waveforms offer substantial improvements in performance over traditional single carrier approaches. \hyperref[b1]{[2]} Various applications of OFDM are Digital Audio Broadcast-ing (DAB) and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) in Europe, and for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) high data rate wired links. OFDM has also been standardized as the physical layer for the wireless networking standard 'HIPERLAN2' in Europe and as the IEEE 802.11a, g standard in the US, promising raw data rates of between 6 and 54Mbp  {\ref [14]}. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier-based technique for mitigating ISI to improve capacity in the wireless system with spectral efficiency. \hyperref[b0]{[1]} The paper aims at successful implementation of the transceiver on a FPGA which would pave a way towards developing an OFDM system which resolves the issue of high PAPR. Simulation results using System Generator and Matlab/Simulink and XILINX tools have been given in the paper."Low Crest Method" which is the selected technique of PAPR reduction is given in thi spaper. Finally it aims at development of a complete system which then results in robust, maximum throughput, highly scalable wireless LAN network.   
\section[{b) Peak to average Power ratio}]{b) Peak to average Power ratio}\par
The major disadvantage of using several subcarriers in parallel using IFFT is the highly non-T XIII Issue XV Version I 
\section[{( )}]{( )}\par
Year very sensitive to nonlinear components in the transmission path. A key component is the high power amplifier (HPA). Due to cost, design and most importantly power efficiency considerations, the HPA cannot resolve the dynamics of the transmit signal and inevitably cuts off the signal at some point causing additional in-band distortions and adjacent channel interference. The power efficiency penalty is certainly the major obstacle to implement OFDM in low-cost applications. Moreover, in power-limited regimes determined by regulatory bodies, the average power is reduced compared to single-carrier systems reducing in turn the range of transmission. The power control problem motivates further research since it touches on many of the advantages that originally made OFDM transmission popular, i.e. spectral efficiency and implementation issues.\par
In OFDM systems, a fixed number of successive input data samples are modulated and then jointly correlated together by use of IFFT at the transmitter side. IFFT processes signals to produce orthogonal data sub-carriers. Mathematically, IFFT combines all the input signals to produce each one of the output symbols.\par
The signal processing by IFFT in the OFDM transmitter changes the statistical distribution of signals from uniform-to-Gaussian. Therefore, the dynamic range of the OFDM output envelope is most often higher than that of the single-carrier systems. However, PAPR is widely used to evaluate the dynamic range of the output envelope. The PAPR (in dB) is defined by the following equation  {\ref [14]}. \hyperref[b0]{(1)} where Ppeak represents peak output power, Paverage means average output power. E[ ?] denote the expected value, xn represents the transmitted OFDM signals which are obtained by taking IFFT operation on modulated input symbols Xk . xn is also expressed as \hyperref[b11]{[12]} (2) c) Selective Level Mapping Selective level Mapping (SLM) was first proposed in 1996 to reduce PAPR in OFDM systems. The system block diagram of SLM is shown below.\par
At first, the input information is divided into OFDM data block X, which consists of N symbols, by the serial-toparallel (S/P) conversion and then data block X is multiplied carrier-wise with each one of the U different phase sequences B(u), resulting in a set of U different OFDM data.\par
In the SLM algorithm the data source denoted as X, is multiplied by the U different sets of phase factors/masks, element-wise to produce U different copies of X, Xu = BuX u= 1, 2, ...,U\par
where U is the design parameter in SLM. In general, more reduction in PAPR is likely to achieved when U in-creases. \hyperref[b11]{[12]} In addition, Bu is defined as:Bu=[Bu,1 Bu,2 Bu,3... Bu,(N?1)]\textbf{(4)}\par
Then all U alternative data blocks (one of the alternative sub-carrier sequences can be the unchanged original one) are transformed into time domain to get transmit OFDM symbol where N represents the number of subcarriers in IFFT and Bu,k is given by:Bu,k = ej?u,k k = 0, 1, 2, ...,N -1 (5)\par
After multiplying X with the phase factors, each Xu is processed by IFFTs and its PAPR is then computed and compared with the others. The resulting signal that yields the lowest PAPR is subsequently chosen for transmission. In addition, the Bopt which implies the optimal Bu that produces the lowest PAPR has to be transmitted to receiver as a side information  {\ref [14]}. The receiver will then use Bopt to recover the data source, X \hyperref[b5]{[6]}.  
\section[{Designed OFDM Model}]{Designed OFDM Model}\par
The top level design contains simulink blocks for input, signal display and output. Input to the design is given from a sine wave generator or from a sound input stored in the workspace. The inputs are passed through a gateway in block to convert from floating point XIII Issue XV Version I 
\section[{( )}]{( )}\par
Year output of the transmitter, which is PAPR reduced serial data stream is given to the receiver to decode it. Also a certain amount of noise is added to the data stream. The receiver then decodes the stream. The final output is given from the receiver. This data is displayed and compared on the scope and also output on the workspace for comparison. Also the BER is calculated by comparing the data before and after decoding. 
\section[{a) Transmitter Design}]{a) Transmitter Design}\par
In the design presented, block length of 8 points and 4 different phase sequences are used. Transmitter subsystem design contains 4 independent OFDM modulators. In the modulator, the input data is multiplied by a look-up table from ROM before giving it to actual OFDM modulation process. This lookup table holds the phase sequences for each block. The output of each block is given to a PAPR calculator and selector. It transmits the data block with lowest PAPR and also transmits the selected block number. 
\section[{b) Receiver Design}]{b) Receiver Design}\par
The receiver is a normal OFDM receiver with a phase sequence selector block. The data stream is first given to FFT block for decoding. Then the data stream is passed to a lookup table multiplier which multiplies data with a phase sequence as indicated by the selected block number from transmitter. Initially the shift registers have a zero bit stored in it. For the first X-OR gate there are three inputs. The first input is as it is the output of parallel to serial block. The second input is output of parallel to serial block with one delay while the third is the output of parallel to serial block with two delays. The output of the first X-OR is given out as data\textunderscore out 1. The outputs of parallel to serial blocks with one and two delays respectively are given to the second X-OR gate . The output of the second X-OR is given out as data\textunderscore out 2. 
\section[{? Mapper}]{? Mapper}\par
The output of encoder/interleaver module is applied as input to the Mapper. The combination of ROM\textunderscore Imag, ROM\textunderscore Real altogether forms QAM mapper.\par
The ROM\textunderscore Imag provides the value on imaginary axis while ROM\textunderscore Real provides the value on real axis. This is giving up the points on different quadrants. IV. 
\section[{Implemented SLM Block}]{Implemented SLM Block}\par
The SLM algorithm applied in this model uses 4 OFDM se-quences of 8 point each and applies 4 different mask on each sequence \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. Blocks B1-4 are OFDM blocks which each multiply the input sequence with a predetermined mask. IFFT is then calculated on the masked stream. The PAPR calculator evaluates the PAPR for the stream independently. The stream with the lowest PAPR is then selected for transmission. Along with the stream, the stream number is also transmitted   
\section[{Hardware Implementation}]{Hardware Implementation}\par
Using XILINX and modelsim the developed simulink model is converted into its JTAG equivalent. \hyperref[b1]{[2]} Internal simulator of XILINX, i-sim can also be used in place of modelsim. \hyperref[b18]{[20]}   VII. 
\section[{Result and Discussion}]{Result and Discussion} 
\section[{a) FPGA kit analysis}]{a) FPGA kit analysis}\par
The DONE LED glows indicating that the FPGA is now ready to be programmed.\par
The output of the scope can be seen in the Figure \hyperref[fig_12]{5}.2 where the first waveform is the signal which has been achieved at the output of model which is the received signal and the second waveform is the actual signal which was been fed as input to the model.   From the waveform it is clearly observed that the maximum and minimum value for the real and imaginary signal is same and it is (+0.29) as shown below.  
\section[{Volume}]{Volume}\par
Thus the signal lies between +0.29 to -0.29 on both real and imaginary axis.\par
From the repeated sequence of 16-QAM in the model from Rom\textunderscore real and Rom\textunderscore imaginary signals, it is concluded that the signal represents the non uniform 16-QAM.\par
From the above symbols , the 16 -QAM Constellation Map-ping is obtained. 
\section[{VIII.}]{VIII.}\par
Hardware Co-Simulation    It is evident from the table that PAPR reduction of about 2 dB is obtained using 64 carriers.\par
Varying difference in PAPR is obtained using 2,4,8 and 64 number of carrier.  [20]   PAPR reduction of nearly 1.6dB is obtained using 2 carriers. Higher reduction of PAPR is obtained using 8 carriers.   The PAPR without SLM for OFDM system is 12dB and with SLM is 10dB resulting in overall reduction of 2dB.\par
It is observed from figure.5.17 that in case of OFDM systems without employing SLM technique the PAPR that is evaluated is constant upto 10dB and it results in a steep slope after 10dB terminating at 12dB. The OFDM system with SLM block for which the PAPR is calculated initially remains constant between 0 to 2dB and 3 to 5dB but varies between 5 to 10dB. Thereby the final PAPR with SLM is 10dB and without SLM is 12dB resulting in overall PAPR reduction of 2dB.\par
Crest Factor=? PAPR IX. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
OFDM is a very attractive technique for wireless communications. One of the serious drawbacks of OFDM is very high PAPR when the input sequences are highly correlated. The PAPR obtained without SLM for OFDM system is 12dB and with SLM is 10dB resulting in overall reduction of 2dB. Thus SLM technique has the potential to reduce PAPR for OFDM systems and improve its performance in terms of low PAPR high SNR and improved BER.\par
Xilinx System Generator combined with Matlab Simulink provides an easier and efficient way of developing the FPGA system design and simulating it. Also the hardware co-simulation feature of the software enables easier way to test and debug the design effectively on the actual hardware.\par
The hardware co-simulation, RTL Schematics, Test Bench and VHDL codes, are also obtained for the implemented OFDM system. First the model is created in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The Matlab Simulations were carried out and necessary modifications were done. The hardware co-simulation was done to run the model on the hardware platform. The VHDL code, RTL Schematics and Test Bench were generated for the model. Test Vectors are passed through the test bench to verify functionality of the each block of the model. At the end complete functionality of the model is verified using Matlab Simulations, Test Bench/Modelsim Simulations and Hardware cosimulations. 
\section[{e) Future Scope}]{e) Future Scope}\par
The paper deals with reduction of PAPR in a SISO OFDM. The concept of reduction of PAPR can be implemented in MIMO technology. If such a model is implemented it shall give the advantages of low PAPR as well as high data rate, which is an advantage of MIMO.\par
Different modulation techniques such as QPSK or QAM ac-commodating number of subcarriers as 1024 or up to 4096 can be experimentally tried to achieve data rates in multiple of 100 Mbps or more.\par
The new system model can emphasis on performance of Signal to Noise Ratio, Bit Error Rate, CDF and CCDF with respect to channel capacity.\par
X.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{21}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2 . 1 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{22}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 . 2 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{312}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3 . 1 : 2 F}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 3}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{34}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 3 . 4 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{35}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 3 . 5 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{38}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}Figure 3 . 8 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{39}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Figure 3 . 9 :F}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{41}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}Figure 4 . 1 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{51}\includegraphics[]{image-12.png}
\caption{\label{fig_10}Figure 5 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{525354}\includegraphics[]{image-13.png}
\caption{\label{fig_11}Figure 5 . 2 :Figure 5 . 3 :Figure 5 . 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-14.png}
\caption{\label{fig_12}Figure 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{56}\includegraphics[]{image-15.png}
\caption{\label{fig_13}Figure 5 . 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{58}\includegraphics[]{image-16.png}
\caption{\label{fig_14}Figure 5 . 8 :F}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{59}\includegraphics[]{image-17.png}
\caption{\label{fig_15}Figure 5 . 9 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-18.png}
\caption{\label{fig_16}Figure 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{512}\includegraphics[]{image-19.png}
\caption{\label{fig_17}Figure 5 . 12 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{51} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07223320158102767\textwidth}P{0.16630434782608697\textwidth}P{0.13606719367588932\textwidth}P{0.4132411067193676\textwidth}P{0.062154150197628454\textwidth}}
QAM\tabcellsep QAM\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Array Value\tabcellsep \\
Input\tabcellsep constellation\tabcellsep Array\tabcellsep (Real +\tabcellsep \\
Symbol\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Index\tabcellsep j*Imaginary\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Part)\tabcellsep \\
0\tabcellsep -3-3j\tabcellsep 0000\tabcellsep -0.29 -0.29 j\tabcellsep 013\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 2\\
1\tabcellsep -3-1j\tabcellsep 0001\tabcellsep -0.29 -0.10j\tabcellsep Year\\
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\tabcellsep -3+3j -3+j -1-3j -1-1j -1+3j -1+j +3-3j +3-1j\tabcellsep 0010 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 0011\tabcellsep -0.29 + 0.29j -0.10 -0.29 j -0.10 -0.10 j -0.10 + 0.29j -0.10 + 0.10 j +0.29 -0.29j +0.29 -0.10j j -0.29 + 0.10\tabcellsep XIII Issue XV Version I 35\\
10\tabcellsep +3+3j\tabcellsep 1010\tabcellsep +0.29 + 0.29j\tabcellsep \\
11\tabcellsep +3+j\tabcellsep 1011\tabcellsep +0.29 + 0.10j\tabcellsep ( )\\
12\tabcellsep +1-3j\tabcellsep 1100\tabcellsep +0.10 -0.29j\tabcellsep \\
13\tabcellsep +1-1j\tabcellsep 1101\tabcellsep +0.10 -0.10j\tabcellsep \\
14\tabcellsep +1+3j\tabcellsep 1110\tabcellsep +0.10 + 0.29j\tabcellsep \\
15\tabcellsep +1+j\tabcellsep 1111\tabcellsep +0.10 + 0.10j\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: F obal Journal of Researches in Engineering Gl © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 5 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 5 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{52} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10467980295566502\textwidth}P{0.20517241379310344\textwidth}P{0.21773399014778327\textwidth}P{0.15492610837438422\textwidth}P{0.16748768472906403\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Factor\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Number\tabcellsep PAPR\tabcellsep PAPR\tabcellsep Difference\tabcellsep Crest\\
of\tabcellsep without\tabcellsep with\tabcellsep in PAPR\tabcellsep Factor\\
carriers\tabcellsep SLM in\tabcellsep SLM in\tabcellsep \tabcellsep =?K\\
\tabcellsep dB\tabcellsep dB\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep 12.61\tabcellsep 11.01\tabcellsep 1.6\tabcellsep 1.264\\
4\tabcellsep 25.22\tabcellsep 24.01\tabcellsep 1.21\tabcellsep 1.1\\
8\tabcellsep 37.83\tabcellsep 35.03\tabcellsep 2.77\tabcellsep 1.67\\
16\tabcellsep 50.45\tabcellsep 48.89\tabcellsep 1.56\tabcellsep 1.24\\
32\tabcellsep 63.06\tabcellsep 62.01\tabcellsep 1.59\tabcellsep 1.024\\
64\tabcellsep 75.76\tabcellsep 73.76\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 1.414\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 5 . 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{53} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2125\textwidth}P{0.3299342105263158\textwidth}P{0.30756578947368424\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{PAPR in dB Without SLM}\tabcellsep With SLM\\
0\tabcellsep 0.985\tabcellsep 0.945\\
1\tabcellsep 0.984\tabcellsep 0.944\\
2\tabcellsep 0.9832\tabcellsep 0.944\\
3\tabcellsep 0.983\tabcellsep 0.9\\
4\tabcellsep 0.982\tabcellsep 0.85\\
5\tabcellsep 0.981\tabcellsep 0.8\\
6\tabcellsep 0.98\tabcellsep 0.712\\
7\tabcellsep 0.885\tabcellsep 0.612\\
8\tabcellsep 0.8\tabcellsep 0.511\\
9\tabcellsep 0.7\tabcellsep 0.21\\
10\tabcellsep 0.6\tabcellsep 0\\
11\tabcellsep 0.512\tabcellsep 0\\
12\tabcellsep 0.001\tabcellsep 0\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 5 . 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgement}]{Acknowledgement}\par
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\end{document}
