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\title{Glance of Hydroforming of Tubular Structure and Sheet Metal with Varing Blank Holding Loads by FEA \& FTI}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Rakesh  Jadhav}

             \affil[1]{  Nimra Institute of Science and Technology}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2012 Accepted: 31 December 2012 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Hydroforming is a cost-effective way of shaping ductile metals suchas aluminium, brass, low alloysteel, stainless steel into lightweight, structurally stiff and strong pieces. One of the largest applications of hydro forming is the automotive industry, which makes use of the complex shapes possible by hydro forming to produce stronger, lighter, and more rigid anybody structures for vehicles. This technique is particularly popular with the high-end sports car industry and is also frequently employed in the shaping of aluminium tubes for bicycle frames. Hydro forming is a specialized type of die forming that uses a high pressure hydraulic fluid to press room temperature working material into a die. Hydroforming is done for tubular structure and sheet metal also. Finite element modeling and simulations of hydroforming sheet metal process and closed sections has been carried out with the emphasis on draw-in effect. For that used FEA and FTI methods. A Finite element model is built to simulate the different stages of the hydroforming process under various blank holding forces.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{hydro-forming, tubular members, sheet metal, FTI, FEA.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. INTRODUCTION}]{I. INTRODUCTION}\par
ydroform is a popular word in sheet metal industry and tube forming industry. Hydro forming process is used for strengthening of the metal, hydramolding also produced less "grainy" parts, allowing for easier metal finishing. In Hydroforming process high pressurised oil and water are used to form a metal.\par
Sheet-forming process include a very large variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from simple bends to double curvatures with shallow or deep recesses and even very complex shapes. Typical examples are automobile bodies, aircraft panels, appliance bodies, kitchen utensils and beverage cans. Sheet metal process and tube forming process may gives the fair idea about the strategy of metal forming process.\par
In that, Hydroforming help us to give simplify of operations with light weight structure and complex geometry. In 1970's that rapid development of computer technology and finite element techniques made computed aided design and manufacturing technology (CAD/CAM) available to industry. At present a great deal of effort is being made to implement CAD/CAM technology in sheet metal forming industry, such as the auto industry, aerospace and aircraft manufacturing industries.\par
The implementation of computer aided design and manufacturing technology assist the manufacturing industry significantly in reducing the cost, shortening the cycle time for developing new products and improving both quality and productivity. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{MAIN PROCESS VARIANTS a) Sheet Hydroforming}]{MAIN PROCESS VARIANTS a) Sheet Hydroforming}\par
This process is based on the 1950s patent for hydramolding by Fred Leuthesser, Jr. and John Fox of the Schaible Company of Cincinnati, OH it was originally used in producing kitchen spouts. This was done because in addition to the more strength.\par
In sheet hydroforming there are bladder forming (where there is a bladder that contains the liquid; no liquid contacts the sheet) and hydroforming where the fluid contacts the sheet (no bladder). Bladder forming is sometimes called flex forming Flex forming is mostly used for low volume productions, as in the aerospace field. Forming with the fluid in direct contact with the part can be done either with a male solid punch (this version is sometimes called hydro-mechanical deep drawing) or with a female solid die.\par
In hydro-mechanical deep drawing, a work piece is placed on a draw ring (blank holder) over a male punch then a hydraulic chamber surrounds the work piece and a relatively low initial pressure seats the work piece against the punch. The punch then is raised into the hydraulic chamber and pressure is increased to as high as 15000 psi which forms the part around the punch. Then the pressure is released and punch retracted, hydraulic chamber lifted, and the process is complete.\par
For large parts, explosive hydroforming can generate the forming pressure by simply exploding a charge above the part (complete with evacuated mold) which is immersed in a pool of water. The tooling can be much cheaper than what would be required for any press-type process. The hydroforming into a moldprocess also works using only a shock wave in air as the H pressuring medium. Particularly when the explosives are close to the work piece, inertia effects make the result more complicated than forming by hydrostatic pressure alone. 
\section[{b) Tube Hydroforming}]{b) Tube Hydroforming}\par
In tube hydroforming there are two major practices: high pressure and low pressure. With the high pressure process the tube is fully enclosed in a die prior to pressurization of the tube. In low pressure the tube is slightly pressurized to a fixed volume during the closing of the die (this used to be called the Variform process). Historically, the process was patented in the but it was industrially spread in the '70s for the production of large T-shaped joints for the oil \& gas industry.\par
Today it is mostly used in the automotive sector, where many industrial applications can be found. It is also a method of choice for several tubular members of bicycles. In tube hydroforming pressure is applied to the inside of a tube that is held by dies with the desired cross sections and forms. When the dies are the ends are sealed by axial punches and the tube is filled with hydraulic fluid.\par
The internal pressure can go up to a few thousands of bars and it causes the tube to calibrate against the dies. The fluid is injected into the tube through one of the two axial punches. Axial punches are movable and their action is required to provide axial compression and to feed material towards the center of the bulging tube. Transverse counterpunches may also be incorporated in the forming die in order to form protrusions with small diameter/length ratio. Transverse counterpunches may also be used to punch holes in the work piece at the end of the forming process. Designing the process might be a very challenging task, since analytical modelling is possible only for very simples cases.Often FEM simulations must be performed in order to find a feasible process solution and to define the correct loading curves: pressure vs. time and axial feed Vs time.  
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Sheet Metal Aspects}]{Sheet Metal Aspects}
\begin{quote}
Figure 1 Figure 2\end{quote}
\par
In hydro forming process, liquid is used as medium of energy transfer to form the workpiece. There are essentially two different types of applications of the liquid pressure: Hydraulic die and Hydraulic punch. In this paper, only the hydraulic punch forming process will be discussed. A typical equipment used for this process.\par
In Figure \hyperref[b2]{(3)}, the blank is clamped by the upper blank holder and lower die which can be either plane or serrated (rough surface).The blank holding load can be controlled by the clamping bolts 1 Pressured liquid enters the room A and force the blank to deform against the solid die 2, so that the desirable shape can be Achieved. The coordinates and displacement used in the axisymmetrical sheet forming process are defined as following: a point P in the blank with a initial distance are moves to the coordinate (r + Llr, y).s is the curvature coordinate. 
\section[{( )}]{( )}
\begin{quote}
A Year\end{quote}
\par
T is the surface normal. In order to exhibit the draw-in effect on the sheet metal forming process, it is necessary to define the measure of draw-in. Kaftanoglu and Alexander [4] used the circumferential strain that occurs at the inside diameter or bore of the blank-holder to define the quantity of draw-in. When the draw-in of the flange is totally prevented, the £a * is zero. But, once the draw-in occurs, the E * becomes compressive and numerically larger. Hence, reflect the actual local draw-in quality.\par
Lets see al introduced a draw-in parameter q> by measuring the movement of the flange. In Fig ( \hyperref[fig_3]{5}), DD is the die opening line; BB is the blank outline CC is defined as when polar height L is attained, the material on CC of the undeformed blank reaches the die opening line DD. <p is defined in the form of strain <p = loge (Ac / AD) Ac and AD denote respectively the area inside the circle of CC and DD. <p reflects the overall draw-in quantity. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: a) c) Surface Finish Is Another Significant Factor Since Parts Formed By Sheet Forming Processes Are Generally Not Subjected To Further Processing, Except For Surface Coating, Parting And Joining. d) Spring Back May Affect The Final Shape Of The Product, Especially When More Bending Is Involved In The Operation.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{CONCLUSION}]{CONCLUSION}\par
In this investigation, the hydro forming of Axis symmetric sheet metal with different blank holding conditions has been Simulated in FTI and Finite Element Method. The elastoplastic finite element package has been used to calculate the large plastic deformation. Comparison has been made between the simulation results and the experimental results and has a good agreement has been observed.\par
Based on the verified modelling, the effects of draw-in on the hydro forming process have been analysed. It is observed that during hydro forming process the deformation in the work piece is nearly a balancebiaxial stretching. Draw-in results in little effect on the strain state in the work piece in the hydro process.\par
The severity of deformation in the blank may be reduced by the draw-in action. Because of its higher threshold strain, the balanced biaxial stretching is a state which is expected in sheet metal forming process. With greater draw-in, a higher polar height can be achieved.\par
The formality which is represented by thelimiting of thickness strain at critical section Et * remains substantially constant under different draw-in conditions. element simulation, a better shell element is needed the two side contact clamping condition. 
\subsection[{VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT}]{VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT}\par
I would also like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me with my work. Finally, and most importantly, I would like to express my warmest appreciation to my family and friends. Throughout this process, it has been a comforting feeling to have the support of loved ones that not only show genuine interest in my work, but who also help me to complete my work.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Wang and Budiansky ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Analysis of sheet Metal Stamping by a Finite Element Method’.  		 			N M Wang 		,  		 			B Budiansky 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Applied Mechanics}  		1978. 45 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Lee et al. (1973)]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Effect of Draw-In on Formability inAxisymmetrical Sheet Metal Forming’.  		 			P K Lee 		,  		 			C Y Choi 		,  		 			T C Hsu 		.  	 	 		\textit{J. Of Engineering for Industry}  		Nov., 1973. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kaftanoglu and Alexander ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘In future research, it is suggested that experiments should be carried out for hydro forming process with varying blank load’.  		 			B Kaftanoglu 		,  		 			J M Alexander 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of the Institute of Metals}  		1962. 90 p. .  	 	 (An Investigation of the Erichsen Test. Effort should be continued to explore how to further reduce the tendency of wrinkling at the die shoulder area. Concerning finite) 
\bibitem[Shang et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Modeling of the Hydroforming of Sheet Materials Clamped With Varying Blank Holding Loads’.  		 			H M Shang 		,  		 			F S Chau 		,  		 			C J Tay 		,  		 			S L Toh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Transactions of the ASME}  		1987. 109 p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
