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\title{Transient Stability Improvement of a Conventional Power System by Superconducting Fault Current Limiter}
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             \author[1]{Md. Elias  Khan}

             \author[2]{Utpal  Sarker}

             \affil[1]{  }

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2012 Accepted: 1 January 2013 Published: 15 January 2013}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Occurrence of faults in a power system causes transients which decrease transient stability of that system. Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is a promising solution to reduce and control this fault (short circuit current) which is inevitable to electric power systems due to growing interconnection of electrical power systems. In this paper, a simulated proof of the capability of SFCL in improving the system transient stability is revealed. At first a SFCL model is designed using simulink. Then, that model is introduced in a so-called three phase system. After that, the system is taken under different fault conditions to investigate transient stability for each. Finally, it is shown from the simulation result that, the system transient stability has improved.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{transient stability; superconducting fault current limiter; power system; simulink/simpower system}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
ue to increased customer requirements and advanced technological enhancements, the demand for electric power is increasing. Thus, power systems are becoming larger and more interconnected day by day. As a result, the fault current increases and transient stability problems has drawn lead to high electrical, mechanical and thermal instabilities of electric networks. Consequently, in order to maintain the stability of power system, replacement of equipment or updating the configuration of the system will be needed in substations. This ultimately leads to low reliability and lower operational flexibility. Furthermore, it is also not economically viable to design the switchgear for every system with different capacity that can maintain sound power system stability. Still now, mechanisms like transformer with high impedance, split bus burs and fuses have been applied to reduce the magnitude of fault currents. But the uses of those devices lessen the reliability of the system and raise the power loss \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. But a Superconductive fault current limiter (SFCL) can be a dependable alternative to substitute the aforesaid conventional devices. In addition, SFCL ensures the improvement of transient stability of power system by dropping the level of fault current in a rapid and efficient approach.\par
An SFCL has virtually zero resistance at normal operating conditions. But in the occasion of a short circuit, due to the increasing temperature of the SFCL, the shift from the superconducting status into normal conducting status offers maximum preferred impedance to electric networks instantaneously, which limits the current more rapid and effective way. After the clearance of fault, the resistance of SFCL goes to zero level owing to the decreasing temperature of the SFCL \hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}\hyperref[b3]{[4]}\hyperref[b4]{[5]}\hyperref[b5]{[6]}\hyperref[b6]{[7]}. Thus the SFCL is invisible and harmless when the grid is operating at steady state condition.\par
In this paper, a SFCL model is intended using Matlab Simulink. Then that model is introduced in a conventional three phase system. Finally, its transient stability at different fault conditions is studied. 
\section[{II. SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITER}]{II. SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITER}\par
SFCL is an electronic device based on the principle of superconductivity. The hypothesis of using the superconductors to hold electric power and to bound peak current level has been around since the innovation of superconductors and the realization that they have extreme non-linear properties. More explicitly, the current limiting behavior depends on their nonlinear response to current, temperature and magnetic field variations. These three parameters possibly cause a transition between and the normal conducting and the superconducting system, when they are increased. Generally, three types of SFCL have been developed so far, they are: reactor-type, transformer-type and resistor-type. In this paper, resistor-type SFCL has been modeled based on \hyperref[b7]{[8]} and \hyperref[b8]{[9]} which illustrate the experimental studies for superconducting properties of SFCL being applied to three phase power distribution systems. Quench and recovery characteristics are modeled based on \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. The impedance of SFCL according to time t is specified by \hyperref[b0]{(1)}.D © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) Gl Volume XIII Issue V Version I 15 ( ) Year ( ) ( ) ( ) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + < ? + < ? ? ? ? ? ? ? > = t) (t , b t - t a ) t t (t , b t - t a ) t t (t , ) T t - t exp(- - 1 R t t 0, R 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 sc 0 m 0 SFCL (1)\par
Here, the maximum resistance of the SFCL in the quenching condition is expressed by R m , where, T sc is the time constant. Moreover, t 0 indicates the time to start the quenching. In addition, t 1 and t 2 are expressing the first and second recovery times.\par
Figure  {\ref 1} interprets quenching and recovery characteristics of the SFCL derived from \hyperref[b0]{(1)}. It is clear from Fig.  {\ref 1} that at normal operating condition impedance of SFCL is zero. But when fault takes place at t=1s, to its peak value. After recovery of fault impedance again goes back to zero.  To determine the minimum or maximum impedance to output switch block is used. In figure \hyperref[fig_2]{3}   As a result, the increased impedance limits the short circuit fault current. However, SFCL's resistance again goes minimum when current is lower than triggering current level. 
\section[{b) Modeling and simulation of projected System}]{b) Modeling and simulation of projected System}\par
Here, a typical three phase system is designed using Simulink/SimPower system which is given in Fig.  {\ref 4} for the purpose of examining transient stabili ty. Generation capacity of this system is about 105 MW. Here a conventional synchronous machine is generating the power. The machine is rated as 130 MVA. The Then the system is taken under four types of faults (with and without using SFCL) which are: 1. Three-phase-to-ground fault 2. Double line-to-ground fault 3. Line-to-line fault 4. Single line-to-ground fault A fault block is used to introduce these faults which is shown in Fig.  {\ref 5}. Then a SFCL is added in the system for same condition that is shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_4]{6}.    The excellent transient stability improvement behavior of SFCL is studied in this paper. In a conventional power system shown in Fig.  {\ref 4}, various types of faults are made occurred with and without SFCL shown in Fig.  {\ref 5} and Fig. \hyperref[fig_4]{6} respectively. The effect of these faults is depicted in Fig. \hyperref[fig_5]{7}, Fig. \hyperref[fig_6]{8}, Fig.  {\ref 9} and Fig.  {\ref 10}. From these figures it is clearly seen that, fault current is reduced drastically due to the use of SFCL. It is also clear from Table \hyperref[tab_1]{I}. It shows the value of fault current with and without SFCL.    
\section[{Result and iscussion}]{Result and iscussion} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
This paper has successfully shown the simulated proof of the ability of SFCL to improve the power system transient stability. Four case studies are taken into account and for each of them it is shown that, SFCL has tremendous competence of suppressing the fault current quasi instantaneously, which leads the system to more reliable and stable condition. Nevertheless, the launching of SFCL in a system requires perfect co-ordination with other protective device otherwise it will mess the original setting values of these devices and the effect of SFCL will be useless. Thus proper co-ordination will make it more convenient for bettering transient stability.  
\section[{Types of Faults}]{Types of Faults}\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{45}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 4 :Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Figure 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}F}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{910}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Figure 9 :Figure 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.34340000000000004\textwidth}P{0.051\textwidth}P{0.07819999999999999\textwidth}P{0.18359999999999999\textwidth}P{0.11900000000000001\textwidth}P{0.051\textwidth}P{0.017\textwidth}P{0.0068\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Step\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep In\tabcellsep Transport Delay\tabcellsep 1\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Out1\\
013 2\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Switch\\
Year\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep .01\\
16\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Constant 550\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Constant}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{The Simulink/XIII Issue V Version I Volume}\tabcellsep developed\tabcellsep SFCL\tabcellsep model\tabcellsep in\\
( ) F\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering\tabcellsep Impedance (ohm)\tabcellsep 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.8 1.0\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.2\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Time(s)\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1quenching progression starts and then impedance goes SFCL, four fundamental parameters are used. The In Fig.2, a resistive characteristic table is shown of the incoming current is calculated using RMS block.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{I} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.06925925925925926\textwidth}P{0.2518518518518518\textwidth}P{0.5162962962962963\textwidth}P{0.012592592592592593\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep 3000\tabcellsep Without\tabcellsep V.\\
\tabcellsep 2500\tabcellsep SFCL\\
Current (A)\tabcellsep 1000 1500 2000\tabcellsep With SFCL\\
\tabcellsep 500\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -500\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -1000\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep -1500\tabcellsep 0 .02 .04 .06 .08 .1 .12 .14 .16 .18 .2\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Time(s)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep different faults\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table I :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{F obal Journal of Researches in Engineering attention. Excessive fault currents cause stresses and Author ? ? ? : Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering \& Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh. E-mail : eliaskhaneee@hotmail.com} 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US) © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Kim et al. (2009)]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Analysis on the protective coordination on neutral line of main transformer in power distribution substation with superconducting fault current limiter’.  		 			J.-S Kim 		,  		 			S.-H Lim 		,  		 			J.-F Moon 		.  	 	 		\textit{The Trans. on the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers}  		Nov. 2009. 58  (11)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kim et al. ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘Anlaysis on recovery characteristics of superconducting fault current limiters’.  		 			H R Kim 		,  		 			S W Yim 		,  		 			O B Hyun 		.  	 	 		\textit{presented at the Conference on Magnet Technology},  				 (Philadelphia)  		Aug. 27-31, 2007. p. 20.  	 
\bibitem[Lee et al. (2008)]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Design and experiments of novel hybrid type superconducting fault current limiters’.  		 			B W Lee 		,  		 			K B Park 		,  		 			J Sim 		,  		 			I S Oh 		,  		 			H G Lee 		,  		 			H R Kim 		,  		 			O B Hyun 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond}  		Jun. 2008. 18  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Lee et al. (2008)]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Design and experiments of novel hybrid type superconducting fault current limiters’.  		 			B W Lee 		,  		 			K B Park 		,  		 			J Sim 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans.Appl. Supercond}  		June 2008. 18  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Noe and Strurer (2007)]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘High-temperature superconductor fault currentimiters: Concepts, applications, and development status’.  		 			M Noe 		,  		 			M Strurer 		.  	 	 		\textit{Supercond. Sci.Technol}  		Mar. 2007. 20  (3)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Lee et al. (2009)]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Hybrid superconducting fault current limiter of the first half cycle non-limiting type’.  		 			G.-H Lee 		,  		 			K.-B Park 		,  		 			J Sim 		,  		 			Y.-G Kim 		,  		 			I.-S Oh 		,  		 			O.-B Hyun 		,  		 			B.-W Lee 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond}  		Jun. 2009. 19  (3)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Yim et al. (2007)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Quench and recovery characteristics of Au/YBCO thin film type SFCL’.  		 			S W Yim 		,  		 			H R Kim 		,  		 			O B Hyun 		,  		 			J Sim 		.  	 	 		\textit{Phys. C}  		Oct. 2007. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kim et al. (2008)]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Recovery in superconducting fault current limiter at low applied voltages’.  		 			H.-R Kim 		,  		 			S.-W Yim 		,  		 			S.-Y Oh 		,  		 			O.-B Hyun 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond}  		Jun. 2008. 18  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kim et al. (2003)]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Resistance development in superconducting fault current limiters prior to quench completion’.  		 			H.-R Kim 		,  		 			O.-B Hyun 		,  		 			H.-S Choi 		,  		 			S.-D Cha 		,  		 			J.-M Oh 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond}  		Jun. 2003. 13  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kim et al. (2002)]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘Resistanceof superconducting fault current limiters based on YBa2Cu3O7 thin films after quench completion’.  		 			H.-R Kim 		,  		 			H.-S Choi 		,  		 			H.-R Lim 		,  		 			I.-S Kim 		,  		 			O.-B Hyun 		.  	 	 		\textit{Phys. C}  		Aug. 2002. p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
