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\title{Economic Feasibility of Briquetted Fuel}
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             \author[1]{Dr.  S.H.Sengar}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 April 2013 Accepted: 3 May 2013 Published: 15 May 2013}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Commercialization of briquetting technology, it is essential to know whether the technology was economically viable or not. Therefore an attempt was made for estimation of economics of the briquettes prepared from carbonized cashew nut shell and other selected biomass. The briquettes were prepared on screw press extruder briquetting machine for different combinations of major biomass. The prepared briquettes after sun drying were subjected to various tests for assessing the quality of fuel. The suitability of briquetted fuel as domestic fuel was studied with standard water boiling test. Cashew shell briquettes burnt with good flame in cook stove and observed 15.5 per cent thermal efficiency. Better results in cashew shell briquettes related to calorific value, shattering indices test, tumbling test, degree of densification, energy density ratio, resistance to water penetration and water boiling test as compared to grass and rice husk briquettes were observed. Calorific value was found more in cashew shell briquetted fuel as 5154.58 kcal/kg. Net Present Value of cashew shell, grass and rice husk briquettes were 1935370.8, 2256434.38 and 631948.8 respectively. Pay back period for cashew shell, grass, rice husk briquettes were 8.1, 7.56 and 29.35 months respectively. Benefit Cost Ratio for cashew shell, grass, and rice husk briquettes were 2.8, 2.93 and 1.51 respectively.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{screw extruder, economics, NPW, IRR, BC ratio.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ndia produces nearly 350 million tonnes of agricultural waste per year  {\ref (Naidu, 1999)}. It has been estimated that 110-150 million tonnes crop residues is surplus to its present utilization as a cattle feed, constructional and industrial raw material and as industrial fuel. Due to their heterogeneous nature, biomass material possesses inherently low bulk densities and thus it is difficult to efficiently handle large quantities of most feedstock. Therefore, large expenses are incurred during material handling, transportation, storage etc. Transportation had the 2nd highest cost by considering all factors, when the biomass power plant was run at full capacity  {\ref (Kumar et al.2003)}. It is noted that transportation cost will increase with increasing power plant size. In order to combat the negative handling aspects of bulk biomass, densification is often required. If such crop residues are converted into briquettes they can provide huge and reliable source of feedstock for thermo chemical conversion  {\ref (Anonymous, 2002)}. Apart from the problems of transportation, storage and handling, the direct burning of loose biomass in conventional grates is associated with very low thermal efficiency and widespread air pollution \hyperref[b2]{(Grover and Mishra, 1996)}. In India total area under cashew nut cultivation 7,20,000 ha of which 76,270 ha are productive producing 4,50,000 MT of cashew. On an average shell makes 50 \% of weight of nut while CNSL makes 15 to 30 per cent of shell production of cashew nut shells may be estimated to 2,25,000 MT from available statistics  {\ref (Raina \& Kulkarni, 2005)}. The CNSL removed, deoiled shells are abundantly available as a biomass waste. The waste biomass generated in cashew processing is utilized as a substitute to wood fuel or thrown as waste. This biomass requires much energy to make it in powder form for briquette. On such typical task, only the solution is to convert this biomass firstly into activated carbon form which is easier to make briquette from carbonization of cashew nut shell, grass, rice husk and hence keeping in view study is undertaken. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
The carbonized biomass samples were obtained by burning them in a kiln. A kiln made up of a cylindrical metal drum which incommoded about 100 kg of biomass. A kiln was closed with metal lid after loading with biomass as shown in Fig \hyperref[fig_1]{1} (1). Little amount of biomass was used in the firing portion to ignite the kiln. Due to absence of air heat spreaded over a biomass and carbonized samples were obtained. 
\section[{a) Process for briquette preparation}]{a) Process for briquette preparation}\par
The carbonized cashew shell, rice husk and grass were used as major constituents for briquetting without any binding material. The various combinations of major constituents were tried in order to get briquettes of the desired quality. Different combinations as 50:25:25, 25:50:25 and 25:25:50 for cashew shell, rice husk and grass were made for observing the properties of briquettes. The known quantity of water was added in mixture using thumb rule for that the material should get bind by hand pressing after addition of water. The mixture was fed to briquetting machine and briquetting machine was operated at rated speed and power. The complete setup for briquettes preparation and testing is shown in The screw press extruder type briquetting machine was used in the present study. It consists of driving motor, screw, die, and hopper and power transmission system. Pulley and belt were used to transmit power from motor to the screw. The raw material was fed to the hoppers, which convey it to screw by gravity. The material was pushed forward due to geometry of screw. As the material was pushed, it got compressed and binded material comes out of die in the form of briquettes. The detail technical specification of screw extruder type briquetting machine is shown in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}.  
\section[{Economic Analysis}]{Economic Analysis}\par
The cost analysis was carried out as complete briquettes processing of cashew shell, rice husk, saw dust, glyricidia and cow dung, grass residue briquettes by screw press technologies, in order to compare the three types of combinations briquettes in respect of their economics.\par
Following economic indicators were used for economic analysis of briquettes prepared from caebonized cashew nut shell and other selected biomass under this study. The present values of the future returns calculated through the use of discounting. Discounting was essentially a technique by which future benefits and cost streams can be reduced to their present worth. The process of finding the present worth of a future value is called discounting. The discounting rate is the interest rate assumed for discounting. 
\section[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}\par
An agricultural project returns the same benefit for several years and we need to know the present worth of that future income stream to know how much it was justified in investing today to receive that income stream. After deducting capital investment from gross benefit what is left over is a residual that is available to recover the investment made in the project. The residual is the net benefit stream.\par
The most straightforward discounted cash flow measure of project worth is the net present worth (NPW). The net present worth may be computed by subtracting the total discounted present worth of the cost stream from that of the benefit stream. Another way of using the incremental net benefit stream or incremental cash flow for measuring the worth of a project is to find the discount rate that makes the net present worth of the incremental net benefit stream or incremental cash flow equal to zero. This discount rate is called the internal rate of return. It is the maximum interest that a project could pay for the resources used if the project is to recover its investment and operating costs and still break even. It is the rate of return on capital outstanding per period while it is invested in the project. The internal rate of return is a very useful measure of project worth. This ratio was obtained when the present worth of the benefit stream was divided by the present worth of the cost stream. The formal selection criterion for the benefit-cost ratio for measure of project worth was to accept projects for a benefit-cost ratio of 1 or greater.\par
In practice, it was probably more common not to compute the benefit-cost ratio using gross cost and gross benefit, but rather to compare the present worth of the net benefit with the present worth of the investment cost plus the operation and maintenance cost. The ratio will be computed by taking the present worth of the gross benefit less associated cost and then comparing it with the present worth of the project cost. The associated cost is the value of goods and services over and above those included in project costs needed to make the immediate products or services of the project available for use or sale. Project economic cost is the sum of installation costs, operation and maintenance cost and replacement costs. The payback period is the length of time from the beginning of the project until the net value of the incremental production stream reaches the total amount of the capital investment. It shows the length of time between cumulative net cash outflow recovered in the form of yearly net cash inflows. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Results and Discussions}]{Results and Discussions}\par
Cost analysis was carried out to check economic acceptability of briquetting plant by considering following assumptions: 1. Proportion of carbonized material to raw material is 1:3.3 i.e. is 30\% of raw material. 2. Cost of briquetted fuel was 7 Rs/kg. 3. Output of machine was 36 kg/hr, 41 kg/hr, and 22.5 kg/hr for cashew shell, grass and rice husk respectively. 4. Initial cost of fabrication of machine was Rs. 10000. 5. Total electricity used during operation of plant was 2 kwh/day. 6. Total days for plant operation was 300 days. 7. Cost of electricity unit was 5 Rs.   \hyperref[tab_8]{9} that the cost of the plant is recovered within 8 months only i.e. the pay back period of the plant was only 0.68 and 0.63 years for cashew shell and grass briquetted fuel respectively and after that the unit will produce net profit. Whereas payback period of rice husk briquetting plant is 29.35 months i.e. 2.5 years. 
\section[{Cost of installation for different briquetted fuel is depicted in}]{Cost of installation for different briquetted fuel is depicted in} 
\section[{V.}]{V.} 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
It was observed that combination of grass briquetted fuel is more economical than other combinations. It has net present value of Rs. 2256434.38, pay back period of 7.56 month and benefit cost ratio was 2.93.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}FigFigure 1 :}\end{figure}
     \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.026795096322241682\textwidth}P{0.13992994746059542\textwidth}P{0.53292469352014\textwidth}P{0.15035026269702276\textwidth}}
Sr. no.\tabcellsep Particular\tabcellsep Specifications\tabcellsep \\
1\tabcellsep Screw dimensions\tabcellsep No of turns\tabcellsep = 4\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Screw pitch\tabcellsep = 6 cm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Maximum diameter of screw\tabcellsep = 9 cm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Minimum diameter of screw\tabcellsep = 6 cm\\
2\tabcellsep Die dimensions\tabcellsep No of exit tubes\tabcellsep = 3\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Diameter of exit tube\tabcellsep = 2.5\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep cm\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Length of exit tube\tabcellsep = 4 cm\\
3\tabcellsep Voltmeter\tabcellsep Analog with range\tabcellsep = 0 to\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 300V\tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep Ammeter\tabcellsep Analog with range\tabcellsep = 0 to 30\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep A\tabcellsep \\
5\tabcellsep Pulley and belt\tabcellsep Diameter of driven pulley\tabcellsep = 26 cm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Diameter of driving pulley\tabcellsep = 9 cm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Belt type\tabcellsep V-belt\\
6\tabcellsep Motor\tabcellsep Single phase induction motor\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Power\tabcellsep = 1Hp\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Speed\tabcellsep = 1425\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep rpm\tabcellsep \\
7\tabcellsep Overall dimensions\tabcellsep Overall length of machine\tabcellsep = 31 cm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Overall width of machine\tabcellsep = 31 cm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Overall height of machine\tabcellsep = 62 cm\\
III.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2013\\
XIII Issue v v v I Version I\\
Volume\\
D D D D ) C\\
(\\
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 ,}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.05279503105590062\textwidth}P{0.29565217391304344\textwidth}P{0.19006211180124225\textwidth}P{0.14782608695652172\textwidth}P{0.1636645962732919\textwidth}}
Sr. No.\tabcellsep Item\tabcellsep Quantity\tabcellsep Rate\tabcellsep Cost (Rs.)\\
1\tabcellsep Cost of casing + cost of\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 10000\tabcellsep 10000\\
\tabcellsep motor\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Rs.\tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep Labour\tabcellsep 300 days\tabcellsep 150 Rs.\tabcellsep 45000\\
3\tabcellsep Raw material\tabcellsep 178200 kg\tabcellsep 0.5\tabcellsep 89100\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (36 kg/hr)\tabcellsep Rs./kg\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 144100\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.051515151515151514\textwidth}P{0.2627272727272727\textwidth}P{0.21636363636363634\textwidth}P{0.15454545454545454\textwidth}P{0.16484848484848486\textwidth}}
Sr. No.\tabcellsep Item\tabcellsep Quantity\tabcellsep Rate\tabcellsep Cost (Rs.)\\
1\tabcellsep Cost of casing +cost of motor\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 10000 Rs.\tabcellsep 10000\\
2\tabcellsep Labour\tabcellsep 300 days\tabcellsep 150 Rs.\tabcellsep 45000\\
3\tabcellsep Raw material\tabcellsep 202950 kg (41 kg/hr)\tabcellsep 0.5 Rs./kg\tabcellsep 101475\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 156475\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.051829268292682924\textwidth}P{0.26432926829268294\textwidth}P{0.2228658536585366\textwidth}P{0.1451219512195122\textwidth}P{0.16585365853658537\textwidth}}
Sr. No.\tabcellsep Item\tabcellsep Quantity\tabcellsep Rate\tabcellsep Cost (Rs.)\\
1\tabcellsep Cost of casing +cost of motor\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 10000 Rs.\tabcellsep 10000\\
2\tabcellsep Labour\tabcellsep 300 days\tabcellsep 150 Rs.\tabcellsep 45000\\
3\tabcellsep Raw material\tabcellsep 111375 kg (22.5kg/hr)\tabcellsep 1 Rs./kg\tabcellsep 111375\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Total\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 166375\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.028117048346055978\textwidth}P{0.4931297709923664\textwidth}P{0.116793893129771\textwidth}P{0.10165394402035623\textwidth}P{0.11030534351145037\textwidth}}
Sr. No.\tabcellsep Particulars\tabcellsep Cashew shell\tabcellsep Grass\tabcellsep Rice husk\\
1\tabcellsep Briquettes (kg)\tabcellsep 54000\tabcellsep 61500\tabcellsep 33750\\
2\tabcellsep Total revenue from\tabcellsep 378000\tabcellsep 430500\tabcellsep 236250\\
\tabcellsep briquetted fuel (Rs.)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
3\tabcellsep Cost of briquette\tabcellsep 89100+45000\tabcellsep 101475+4\tabcellsep 111375+4\\
\tabcellsep preparation (Binder,\tabcellsep = 134100\tabcellsep 5000=146\tabcellsep 5000\\
\tabcellsep water, chemicals, labour\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 475\tabcellsep =156375\\
\tabcellsep etc) (Rs.)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep Initial investment of\tabcellsep 10000\tabcellsep 10000\tabcellsep 10000\\
\tabcellsep (Rs.)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
5\tabcellsep Cost of electricity (Rs.)\tabcellsep 3000\tabcellsep 3000\tabcellsep 3000\\
6\tabcellsep Total operation and\tabcellsep 500\tabcellsep 500\tabcellsep 500\\
\tabcellsep maintenance cost (Rs.)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10738031914893617\textwidth}P{0.06103723404255319\textwidth}P{0.14015957446808508\textwidth}P{0.13676861702127657\textwidth}P{0.13337765957446807\textwidth}P{0.14015957446808508\textwidth}P{0.13111702127659575\textwidth}}
Year 2013\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
XIII Issue v v I Version\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
D D D D ) C\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering\tabcellsep Year (1) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0\tabcellsep Cash outflow (2) 147100.0 137100.0 137100.0 137100.0\tabcellsep PW of Cash outflow (3) 147100.0 123513.5 111273.4 100246.3\tabcellsep Cash inflow (4) 0.0 378000.0 378000.0 378000.0\tabcellsep PW of Cash inflow (5) 0.0 340540.5 306793.3 276390.3\tabcellsep NPW (5)-(3) -147100.0 217027.0 195519.8 176144.0\\
\tabcellsep 4.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 90312.0\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 249000.3\tabcellsep 158688.3\\
\tabcellsep 5.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 81362.2\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 224324.6\tabcellsep 142962.4\\
\tabcellsep 6.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 73299.3\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 202094.2\tabcellsep 128795.0\\
\tabcellsep 7.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 66035.4\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 182066.9\tabcellsep 116031.5\\
\tabcellsep 8.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 59491.3\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 164024.2\tabcellsep 104532.9\\
\tabcellsep 9.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 53595.8\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 147769.6\tabcellsep 94173.8\\
\tabcellsep 10.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 48284.5\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 133125.7\tabcellsep 84841.2\\
\tabcellsep 11.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 43499.5\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 119933.1\tabcellsep 76433.6\\
\tabcellsep 12.0\tabcellsep 137100.0\tabcellsep 39188.8\tabcellsep 378000.0\tabcellsep 108047.8\tabcellsep 68859.1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.03777777777777778\textwidth}P{0.11333333333333333\textwidth}P{0.17\textwidth}P{0.10388888888888888\textwidth}P{0.16055555555555553\textwidth}P{0.2644444444444444\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2013\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Volume\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep D D D D )\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (\\
Year\tabcellsep Cash outflow\tabcellsep PW of Cash outflow\tabcellsep Cash inflow\tabcellsep PW of Cash inflow\tabcellsep NPW\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: CEconomic Feasibility of Briquetted Fuel]} 
\caption{\label{tab_7}Table 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{9} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.37234513274336284\textwidth}P{0.16924778761061945\textwidth}P{0.15044247787610618\textwidth}P{0.1579646017699115\textwidth}}
Particulars\tabcellsep Cashew shell\tabcellsep Grass\tabcellsep Rice husk\\
Net Present Worth\tabcellsep 1935370.8\tabcellsep 2256434.3\tabcellsep 631948.8\\
(Rs)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Pay Back Period\tabcellsep 0.68\tabcellsep 0.63\tabcellsep 2.5\\
(Years)\tabcellsep (8.1 months)\tabcellsep (7.56 months)\tabcellsep (29.35\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep months)\\
Internal Rate of\tabcellsep 374.0\tabcellsep 428.0\tabcellsep 230.0\\
Return (\%)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
BCR for first year\tabcellsep 2.8\tabcellsep 2.93\tabcellsep 1.51\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_8}Table 9 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
