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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Md. Jobayer  Hossain}

             \author[2]{M. A. Masud  Khan}

             \author[3]{Kawser  Hossain,}

             \affil[1]{  Khulna University of Engineering and Technology}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 February 2012 Accepted: 2 March 2012 Published: 15 March 2012}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


This paper presents a free space wire antenna having two larger bandwidths with satisfactory forward gain, return loss and VSWR. With center frequency 914MHz the antenna provides a bandwidth 174MHz from 880MHz to 1054MHz. Another band lies between 1478MHz and 1540MHz range with center frequency 1508MHz. These two larger bandwidths enable the antenna to support a wide range of wireless applications such as GPS, cellular communication, CT2, ZigBee, Wi-Fi and biomedical applications. The simulation of the antenna in 4NEC2 shows VSWR 1.08002, Return Loss -28.298dB and Gain 1.99dB. The characteristic impedance of the antenna is 49.7346 ? without the use of any matching network. Both the simulation and experimental result shows that the antenna is omni-directional in nature.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Wire antenna, Multiband antenna, VSWR, Return loss, gain, bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS, RFID, WiMAX.}

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\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
ire antennas \hyperref[b5]{[6]} are the most common and simpler type of antenna. The antenna is generally made by copper or other metallic substances. A wire antenna may be a single piece or a combination of different pieces of variable length and radius. Whatever the types of antenna the use of it depends upon several characteristics such as VSWR, antenna gain, return loss, radiation characteristics etc.\par
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) \hyperref[b8]{[9]} is a important term in describing the performance of an antenna. It is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum voltages along an antenna. Ideally it is desired that an antenna posses VSWR value 1 with all the power reaching the destination and no reflected power. But in practical case due to impedance mismatches in the antenna the VSWR deviates from this standard value. Again due to this power reflection from the destination to the source causes loss in signal power. This loss is called return loss \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. Return loss is expected to be as smaller as possible. Antenna gain is another characteristic that indicates the ability to direct the input power into radiation in a particular direction.\par
Author ? ? : . khan\textunderscore bangladesh@yahoo.com, Jobayer.ece@gmail.com ? Khulna University of E-mail : nipu.me07@yahoo.com\par
The proposed antenna in the two specified bandwidths has VSWR 1.08002 and return loss -28.298dB that is desirable for practical wireless communications. The gain of the antenna is 1.99dB that is also acceptable. A usual antenna system uses 50 ? transmission line. So the designed antenna should be matched with this vale to decrease return loss significantly. Our antenna provides characteristics impedance of 49.7346?. An antenna's bandwidth \hyperref[b6]{[7]} is the range of frequencies over which its performance does not suffer from poor impedance matching. The higher the bandwidth of an antenna, the greater is the possibility to use it in different wireless applications. Sometimes an antenna operates over two or more frequency bands with satisfactory performances. Such type of antenna is called a multiband antenna  {\ref [11]}. The proposed antenna shows two bandwidths. Depending upon the allocated frequency band, an antenna can be used in different wireless applications. The wider the bandwidth, the higher is the usability of the antenna in wireless communication. The first band of this antenna provides a wide band of 174 MHz and the second one 62 MHz. Such wide frequency bands enables the antenna to be used in RFID, ZigBee, CT1, CT2, GPS, bluetooth and mobile communications.\par
Radio Frequency Identification or RFID \hyperref[b0]{[1]}, is a technology for automated identification of objects and people. This can operate in LF, HF and UHF in the 860-960 MHz range \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. It is desirable the antenna size be smaller. The highest dimension of our antenna is 9cm. So it can be used to identify larger objects such as cars, ships and other types of vehicles. The antenna can also used for personal area network such as ZigBee  {\ref [12]}. It is a specification for high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an IEEE 802 standard. Applications of it include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, and other consumer and industrial equipment that require short-range wireless transfer of data. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPAN systems such as Bluetooth. The standard specifies operation in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz worldwide, 915 MHz in Americas and Australia and 868 MHz in Europe. Our antenna can be used to support this.\par
On the contrary, the antenna can be used in bluetooth communications. Today bluetooth wireless Nowadays, the wireless local area network (WLAN) and the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) systems are very popular techniques for wireless internet access. With the complementary capability between WLAN and WiMAX systems, seamless internet access for mobile users becomes possible. To cover WLAN and WiMAX operation, however, a wide operating band for the employed antenna in portable mobile devices is required. Having two larger bands, our antenna is very promising in providing a wide operating band with a compact antenna size. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{ANTENNA GEOMETRY}]{ANTENNA GEOMETRY}\par
The antenna is made of 12 gauge copper wire With all the pieces of same radius. The antenna structure is shown in figure \hyperref[fig_1]{1}. The longest dimension is 90mm that is along the main axis of the antenna. The total wire length required to construct the antenna is 310.06mm. The antenna is assumed to be fed by 50 ohm coaxial cable with its central conductor connected to the feeding point. The feeding point is indicated in the figure  {\ref .} III. 
\section[{SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULT}]{SIMULATED AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULT}\par
The antenna is designed and simulated in 4NEC2 software air interface. The analysis is done for radiation pattern, return loss, VSWR, impedance curve and forward gain.   The voltage standing wave ratio of the antenna is depicted in figure \hyperref[fig_5]{3} for different frequencies. From the curve we see that VSWR is almost 1 in three frequency bands. The VSWR values at the centre frequencies of these bands are given in Table  {\ref 1}. VSWR at these frequencies are very near to the ideal value. Within frequency band from 880MHz to 1054MHz, VSWR ? 2. So it can provide wideband applications sufficiently. Another band lies between 1478MHz and 1540MHz where VSWR is very near to 1. Here VSWR change is sharp. So it can also be used for narrowband applications.   From the figures we see that forward gains in 914 MHz and 1012 MHz are 1.99 and 1.26 respectively. These values are satisfactory. But gain in third band is negative that is undesirable. It is not a major problem. This problem can be overcome using additional networks. 
\section[{e) Impedence Curve}]{e) Impedence Curve}\par
For maximum power transfer from transmitter to the antenna or from antenna to receiver, the antenna should be impedance matched. The proposed antenna is designed for 50 ? transmission line feeding. At the three bands, the antenna chows characteristics impedance almost the ideal value with negligible deviations. So there is no need of a matching network while practically using them.\par
IV. 
\section[{CONCLUSION}]{CONCLUSION}\par
A multiband wire antenna with wider bandwidth is designed, implemented and has been presented in this paper. The antenna provides three successive band of operating frequencies with excellent performance measures. Each of these band is wider enough to serve wider bandwidth requiring applications. In these bands the antenna shows satisfactory VSWR, return loss, gain, impendence and radiation properties. So the same antenna can support GPS, cellular communication, CT2, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, bluetooth and WiMAX applications. It does not require any additional matching network for feeding with 50 ? transmission line or coaxial cables. In addition to this, the proposed antenna provides simple structure, thin profile and low cost. Therefore, it can be used in inexpensive communication applications with sufficient bandwidth and radiation properties.  
\section[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}W}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig 2 (}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig 2 (}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig 3}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Fig 4 :A}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}Fig. 5 (}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{8}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Fig 8 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}Volume}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{I} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table I :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)A Multiband Free Space Antenna for High Bandwidth Wireless Applications} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
