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\title{Analysis of Pile Capacity of In-Situ Piles In Homogeneous Sandy Soil Using Empirical and Analytical Approaches}
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             \author[1]{Dr.  Medubi}

             \affil[1]{  Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna Nigeria.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 June 2012 Accepted: 30 June 2012 Published: 15 July 2012}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The use of static analysis and in situ methods were adopted to evaluate the capacity of piles innon cohesive soils of a typical sedimentary formation. The piles were for a proposed five span five span bridge along road dualisation project traversing Northwestern and Northeastern Nigeria. The results shows that the bearing capacity of piles were higher by the static method than those evaluated by in situ techniques. Specifically, the capacity of piles ranges from 2829 â??" 12,147 kN and 2454 â??" 6009 kN for static analysis and in situ method respectively. The latter method has proved to be more reliable and shows more inherent agreement than the static method.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{Bearing capacity of piles, bored and cast in hole(BCIH), static analysis, in situ analysis, non cohesive soils.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he determination of the load bearing capacity of piles entails a variety of procedures which can be either analytical or empirical. The former entails an evaluation of soil-pile interaction with several underlying assumptions while the latter is based on the use of results of in-situ tests and procedures. Dewi and Tjie-Liong as well as Basack (2008), \hyperref[b12]{Shoda et al (2007)} and  {\ref Moayed and Rabe (2008)} have all given various approaches to analysis of bearing capacity based on the evaluation of soil properties viz their interaction with the piles.\par
Evaluation of bearing capacity of piles using data obtained from in-situ tests and procedures have been highlighted by Shariatnadari et al  {\ref (2008)}. \hyperref[b10]{Sahedja (2011)} used in-situ field test results, specifically penetration tests to estimate pile capacity.\par
This work attempts to compare the differences between bearing capacity of piles in homogenous, noncohesuve soils evaluated by in-situ and analytic technique. 
\section[{II. General Description Of The Study Area}]{II. General Description Of The Study Area}\par
The data used for this work were from deep soils investigations (DSI) conducted at a proposed 4apan bridge along a dualisation road project traversing North west to North east Nigeria. The area lies within the Author ? : Department of Civil Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna Nigeria. region covered by extensive sedimentary formation. Specifically, it is made up of the keri-keri formation. This comprises of grits, sands and clays. The particular materials observed at the project location were primarily sands and silts up to the maximum depth explored ( 25 -35m).\par
The road lies along latitude 10 -11 0 E and around longitude 11 0 N III. 
\section[{Materials And Methods}]{Materials And Methods} 
\section[{a) Field works}]{a) Field works}\par
Field works was facilitated by drilling of five (5 Nos) boreholes between 25 -35m depths along the proposed bridge axis. This was done with the use of hydraulic rotary drilling rig with the provision for conducting standard penetration tests (SPT). Sample, predominantly disturbed, were collected at 1.5m interval for index and strength property tests.\par
All field works were in accordance with ASTM D 2488, D420, D1586,-08a and BS 1377. 
\section[{b) Laboratory Tests}]{b) Laboratory Tests}\par
Index and strength properties test were conducted on recovered samples from all the drilled holes. The specific tests include particle size distribution (PSD), atterberge limits, direct shear and consolidation. Laboratory test were conducted according to ASTM D 2488, and BS 1377. 
\section[{c) Method of Pile Capacity Analysis}]{c) Method of Pile Capacity Analysis}\par
For the purpose of this work, two distinct methods have been adopted to analysed the bearing capacity of piles. These are static analysis method which entails the use of soil parameter deduced from laboratory test and insitu test result methods respectively there are five approaches to determine nature of bearing capacity of piles as reported by shariat madari et al  {\ref (2008)}   The total frictional resistance in ???? is deduced by multiplying the result of equation 1 by the total shaft area. The end resistance is given by?? ?? = ???? ?? ? ? ? 2\par
Where ?? ?? ? ???????? ð??"ð??"??????????????ð??"ð??"?? ???? ????ð??"ð??"?? ?????? ?? ? ??????ð??"ð??"?????????? ???????ð??"ð??" ????ð??"ð??"?????????\par
The total end bearing is also deduced by multiplying equation 2 by the cross sectional area of the pile base.\par
A typical analysis of pile capacity using this method is given in Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1} while the summary for all the tested points are given in Table  {\ref 2}.\par
The use of insitu test entails the application of the following relationship to evaluate pile capacity as given by \hyperref[b7]{Meyerhof (1956}\hyperref[b6]{Meyerhof ( , 1976))}. ?? ?? = ?? ?? (40??) ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? 3 ? ?? ?? = 2?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . .4 ?? ?? = ?? ?? + ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? . . 
\section[{Discussions}]{Discussions}\par
Varition of pile capacity with pile diameter, are shown in figs. 1-2, for static analysis method. These were deduced for various pile depth for 600 -1300m pile diameters. These shows that pile capacity increases with increasing pile diameter for the different pile length. Obviously there was an observed increase in pile capacity with increase in pile length (viz25,30 and 35m). These increase were observed for both pile capacity deduced by static analysis and for insitu methods. The variation in pile capacity for insitu analysis is also shown in Fig  {\ref 3-7}.\par
Comparative Analysis of in-situ and Static Analysis method shows that values from static analysis were considerably higher than the values deduced by in-situ techniques. These are depicted in Tables  {\ref 2 and 3} and figs 8-10.The values of pile capacity by static analysis ranges between 2829 -12,147kN while for insitu analysis the values are between 2454-6009kN.\par
The values of pile capacity by both static and insitu methods are closer at lower diameter and the difference increases with increase in pile diameter as depicted in figures 8 -10. The difference also increases with increasing depth of boring as shown in the plots for various depths of boring.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The analysis of the capacity of pile for a proposed five span concrete bridge along a road dualization project in North east Nigeria. The piles were for the abutment and the piers of the proposed bridge. The capacity of piles were analysed by static analysis by using derived geotechnical parameters as well as insitu test results .The following conclusion were drawn there from: 1. The capacity of piles deducted by static analysis were higher than the values deduced by insitu test results; 2. The capacity of piles increase with pile length and diameter of piles 3. The capacity of piles range from 2829-12,147KN and 2454 -6009KN for static analysis and in-situ test results method respectively. The higher values of the piles capacity computed from static analysis are due to the values of laboratory parameters used. These are subject to errors and assumption as compared to the parameters applied in the in-situ technique.\par
The latter values (in-situ procedures) agrees with the results deduced by Shariatmadari et al for which it was demonstrated the pile capacity deduced by SPT N-value show more accuracy and less scatter than other methods. 
\section[{( E )}]{( E )}\par
© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) ear 2012 Y resistance of bored and cast in hole plate (BCIH) or replacement pile which is esto method from the relationship as given by Tomlison (2001) and \hyperref[b4]{Bowles (1997)}  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Sampling of Soils. American Society of Testing and\\
Materials, Philadelphia.\\
4. Basack, S.(2008) A boundary element analysis of\\
soil-pile interaction under lateral cyclical loading in\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: soft cohesive soil. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing). Volume 9, No. 4.]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{( E )© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
