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\title{Wideband Inverted-F Double-L Antenna for 5 GHz Applications}
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             \author[1]{Abu Naim Rakib  Ahmed,}

             \author[2]{Dr. Al-Ahsan  Talukder}

             \author[3]{Debabrata Kumar  Karmokar}

             \affil[1]{  }

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\date{\small \em Received: 28 August 2011 Accepted: 19 September 2011 Published: 1 October 2011}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In this paper a Quadrature Mirror Filter is implemented in VHDL, for wireless  communication applications. The Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) basically is a parallel  combination of a High Pass Filter (HPF) and Low Pass Filter (LPF), which performs the action of  frequency subdivision by splitting the signal spectrum into two spectra. The QMF implementation  is carried out on FPGA platform. The Xilinx IP Core generator will be used for instantiating the  standard Xilinx parts. Xilinx ISE will be used to carry out the synthesis and bit file generation. The  obtained Synthesis Report for implemented QMF will be used to analyze the occupied area and  power dissipation. The study and implementation will be aimed to realize the equalizer for  wireless communication system. Modelsim Xilinx Edition (MXE) will be used for simulation and  functional verification. Xilinx ISE will be used for synthesis and bit file generation. The Xilinx Chip  scope will be used to test the results on Spartan 3E 500K FPGA board. 

\end{abstract}


\keywords{QMF bank, ISE, MXE, Adaptive Equalizer, FPGA, Analysis Bank, Synthesis Bank .}

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\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
n recent years due to fabulous development of mobile wireless communication, systems such as digital notepad, notebook and so on required broadband connections with large transmission and receiver speeds through wireless local area network (WLAN).Generally, the 2.4 GHZ ISM band utilized by the IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g standards but in this case the WLAN equipment will suffer interference from baby monitors, wireless keyboards, microwave oven, Bluetooth devices and other appliances that use the same band. On the other hand, the other frequency spectrum allowed for WLAN  {\ref (5 GHz)} have much wide band width with fewer disturbances from other services. Moreover, 5 GHz network can carry more data than the 2.4 GHz.\par
So, to meet the condition of less interference the design of the antenna become more sophisticated which required having some special properties such as, small size, higher gain, Omni-directional radiationpattern and so on. In order to satisfy the above condition for 5 GHz band antenna, several antennas are proposed. a monopole antenna with a folded ground strips \hyperref[b0]{[1]} has been proposed for WLAN application is capable to satisfy the whole 5GHz band but it is not small in size. Some of the antennas are also provide full coverage of 5 GHz but they are in large size \hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}\hyperref[b3]{[4]}\hyperref[b4]{[5]}\hyperref[b5]{[6]} or require a big ground plane \hyperref[b6]{[7]}\hyperref[b7]{[8]}\hyperref[b8]{[9]}\hyperref[b9]{[10]}.Although small size is achieved by antenna presented in the literature but they suffered by inadequate coverage in 5 GHz band \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b3]{4,}\hyperref[b4]{5,}\hyperref[b6]{7,}\hyperref[b9]{10]} .\par
Therefore, in this article, we propose a compact wideband antenna for 5GHz Universal WLAN and WiMAX operations. From the simulation results, it provides a wider impedance bandwidth of 2.55 GHz (5000-7550MHz) which fully covers the 5.2/5.5/5.8 GHz bands. Moreover it also gives an omnidirectional radiation patterns with maximum measured peak antenna gains of 7.6, 7.14 and 6.53 dBi across the operating bands, respectively. Details of the proposed antenna design are described in this study, and the related results for the obtained performance operated across the 5.2/5.5/5.8 GHz bands are presented and discussed. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{ANTENNA GEOMETRY \& DESIGN}]{ANTENNA GEOMETRY \& DESIGN}\par
The design variables for this antenna are the height, width, and length of the top plate, the width and the location of the feed wire.In designing the broadband low profile antenna for 5 GHz WLAN/WiMAX applications, we examine the possibility of increasing antenna bandwidth, gain and maintaining the input impedance near about 50 application bands with simplifying its structure. Method of moments (MoM's) in Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) \hyperref[b10]{[11]} is used for conducting parameter studies to ascertain the effect of different loading on the antenna performance to find out the optimal design where finest segmentation of each geometrical parameter are used. The antenna is assumed to feed by 50 connector. In our analysis we assume the copper conductor and the antenna was intended to be matched to 50 mpedance. Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{1} represents the basic geometry of the different antenna. For the simulation we consider printed circuit board (PCB) with permittivity of =2.2, substrate thickness of 1.58 mm and the dimensions of the ground plane considered as 60 × 60 mm2.  With the help of resonant frequency theory of IFA and impedance matching concept, we consider the dimension of the IFA l=16 mm, t=5 mm, h=4 mm, h1=3 mm, d=2 mm and s=1 mm. . Fig.  {\ref 2} shows the effects of length l on the return loss as a function of frequency on the IFA of structure 1. From the simulated results when l=16 mm, t=5 mm, h=4 mm, h1=3 mm, d=2 mm and s=1 mm the variation of return loss with frequency is not covering the whole 5 GHz operating band (frequency ranges 5150 -5850 MHz) moreover the return loss is not so desirable. After adding an additional L branch with the structure 1 the performance of the return loss improves slightly. However, when we added another L branch with structure 2, the performance of return loss improves dramatically. Fig.  {\ref 3} shows the effects of l on the return loss of IFDL antenna, when t=5 mm, h=4 mm, h1=4 mm, h2=4 mm, s=1 mm and d=2 mm. From the figure we observed that, for considering return loss the best performance of the IFDL antenna is obtained when l=16 mm although l=16 mm and l=17 mm will cover the whole 5 GHz band, their return loss is not appreciable as l=16 mm. On the other hand, for l=14 mm and l=15 mm return loss is much higher than l=16 mm. Now maintaining l=16 mm we continue our advance analysis on the tap distance t as shown in Fig.  {\ref 4} and we observe that when t=5 mm the IFDL antenna provides more negative return loss at the application bands than other values. Fig. \hyperref[fig_5]{5} shows the effects of d on return loss when the tap distance t=5 mm and length l=16 mm. The best performance of return loss is obtained when d=2 mm.    \hyperref[fig_6]{6} we observe that the IFDL antenna provide best return loss performance when space from feed line s=1 mm. From overall analysis we see that IFDL antenna provides best performance for the desired applications. The optimized dimensions of the proposed IFDL antenna are listed in Table  {\ref I}  
\section[{NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS}]{NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS}\par
The IFDL antenna provides a wide impedance bandwidth of 2.5 GHz (5000-7550 MHz) which fully covers the 5.2/5.5/5.8 GHz bands. Moreover, the IFDL antenna has the return loss appreciable than the commonly required 10 dB level. Fig.  {\ref 7} and Fig.  {\ref 8} show the variation of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and return loss respectively. The Peak value of return loss is -14.5, -24.2 and -19.2 dB respectively. The value of VSWR of IFDL antenna varies from 1.12 to 1.55 within the operating band and obtained result indicates that the variation of VSWR is very low and it is near to 1 as shown in Fig.  {\ref 7}. Fig.  {\ref 9} illustrates the gain of IFDL antenna. The peak gains of IFDL antenna is 7.6, 7.14, and 6.53 dBi with a very small gain variation within the 10 dB return loss bandwidth at 5.2, 5.5 and 5.8 GHz band respectively, which indicates that the antenna has stable gain within the every separate operating bandwidth.\par
© 2011 Global Journals Inc. (US) Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{10} represents the antenna input impedance variation and Fig. \hyperref[fig_8]{11} represents the antenna phase shift causes due the impedance mismatch as a function of frequency. From the obtained results, the input impedance of IFDL antenna is 69.05, 56.45 and 57.94 at 5.2, 5.5 and 5.8 GHz so the input impedance of the proposed antenna is near about 50 . Also, from the simulation study, the antenna offers a phase shift of -11.2 0 , -0.8 0 and 9.1 0 respectively. Therefore, phase shift of IFDL antenna closer to 0 0 all over the antenna bandwidth. A comparison in gains between the proposed (IFDL antenna) and reference antennas (Inverted-F antenna) are listed in Table  {\ref II}. From the table it has been observed that a significant amount of improvement resulted by IFDL antenna. A great progress experienced in return loss, VSWR, input impedance and phase. Figs. 12 to 14 show the normalized radiation patterns of IFDL ANTENNA at 5.2, 5.5 and 5.8 GHz bands respectively. Normalized radiation patterns for three resonant frequencies are shown as: total gain in Hplane and E-plane. The antenna's normalized total radiation in E and H-plane is almost omnidirectional at the 5 GHz WLAN and WiMAX applications. One of the significant advantages of symmetrical radiation pattern as seen from Figs. 12, 13, and 14 is that the maximum power direction is always at the broadside direction and does not shift to different directions at different frequencies.\par
© 2011 Global Journals Inc. (US)   
\section[{CONCLUSION}]{CONCLUSION}\par
In this paper we presented an Inverted-F Double-L (IFDL) antenna design. The antenna provides a sample structure with small area of 19×21 mm2. In addition, it also ensures nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns with incredibly high gain 7.6, 7.14, and 6.53 dBi across the 5.2, 5.5 and 5.8 GHz operating bands respectively. The improvement of size, input impedance, bandwidth, gain and radiation is achieved by this structure which is suitable for WLAN and WiMAX applications.  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 1 (}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 1 :Fig. 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{34}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 3 :Fig. 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Fig. 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{178910}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}1 Fig. 7 :Fig. 8 :Fig. 9 :Fig. 10 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{11}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Fig. 11 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{12}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}Fig. 12 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{14}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_10}Fig. 14 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
antenna\\
III.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{November} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{Global ( F )}]{Global ( F )}\par
Electromagnetic Code-2. Ver. 5.7.5, Arie Voors,  
\subsection[{1981}]{1981} 
\subsection[{REFERENCES RÉFÉRENCES REFERENCIAS}]{REFERENCES RÉFÉRENCES REFERENCIAS}			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Burke and Poggio ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		\textit{},  		 			G J Burke 		,  		 			A J Poggio 		.  		1981.  	 
\bibitem[Gao et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘A compact wideband hybrid dielectric resonator antenna’.  		 			Y Gao 		,  		 			B L Ooi 		,  		 			W B Ewe 		,  		 			A P Popov 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Microw. and Wireless Compon. Lett}  		2006. 16  (4)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ang and Chung ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘A wideband Eshaped microstrip patch antenna for 5-6GHz wireless communications’.  		 			B K Ang 		,  		 			B K Chung 		.  	 	 		\textit{Progress in Electromagnetics Research}  		2007. 75 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mahatthanajatuphat et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Bidirectional multiband antenna with modified fractral slot fed by CPW’.  		 			C Mahatthanajatuphat 		,  		 			P Akkaraekthalin 		,  		 			S Saleekaw 		,  		 			M Krairiksh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Progress In Electromagnetics Research}  		2009. 95 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Sim et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Compact coplanar waveguide-fed monopole antenna with a folded ground strip for 5-ghz wireless applications’.  		 			C Sim 		,  		 			H Chung 		,  		 			Chien Yu-Lun 		.  	 	 		Microwave and optical technology letters  		2011. 53  (1) .  	 
\bibitem[Cormos et al. ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Compact dielectric resonator antenna for WLAN applications’.  		 			D Cormos 		,  		 			A Laisne 		,  		 			R Gillard 		,  		 			E Le Bolzer 		,  		 			C Nicolas 		.  	 	 		\textit{Electron. Lett}  		2003. 39  (7)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ge et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Compact diversity antenna for wireless devices’.  		 			Y Ge 		,  		 			K P Esselleand 		,  		 			T S Bird 		.  	 	 		\textit{Electron.Lett}  		2005. 41  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ma et al. ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Compact dual-band printed monopole antenna for WLAN application’.  		 			H Ma 		,  		 			Q X Chu 		,  		 			Q Zhang 		.  	 	 		\textit{Electron. Lett}  		2008. 44  (14)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Augustin et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Compact dualband antenna for wireless access point’.  		 			G Augustin 		,  		 			S V Shynu 		,  		 			P Mohanan 		,  		 			C K Aanandanand 		,  		 			K Vasudevan 		.  	 	 		\textit{Electron. Lett}  		2006. 42  (9)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Selvan and Raghaven ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘CPW-fed folded spiral strip monopole slot antenna for 5.8 GHz RFID application’.  		 			P T Selvan 		,  		 			S Raghaven 		.  	 	 		\textit{Electron Lett}  		2006. 42 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Leong et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Surface wave enhanced broadband planar antenna for wireless applications’.  		 			K M K H Leong 		,  		 			Y Qian 		,  		 			T Itoh 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Microw. and Wireless Compon. Lett}  		2001. 11  (2)  p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
