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\title{FPGA Implementation of QMF for Equalizer Application of Wireless Communication Channel}
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             \author[1]{  P.Harika}

             \author[2]{  A.pravin}

             \affil[1]{  BVC Engineering College,JNTU Kakinada}

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\date{\small \em Received: 20 August 2011 Accepted: 19 September 2011 Published: 30 September 2011}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In this paper a Quadrature Mirror Filter is implemented in VHDL, for wireless  communication applications. The Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) basically is a parallel  combination of a High Pass Filter (HPF) and Low Pass Filter (LPF), which performs the action of  frequency subdivision by splitting the signal spectrum into two spectra. The QMF implementation  is carried out on FPGA platform. The Xilinx IP Core generator will be used for instantiating the  standard Xilinx parts. Xilinx ISE will be used to carry out the synthesis and bit file generation. The  obtained Synthesis Report for implemented QMF will be used to analyze the occupied area and  power dissipation. The study and implementation will be aimed to realize the equalizer for  wireless communication system. Modelsim Xilinx Edition (MXE) will be used for simulation and  functional verification. Xilinx ISE will be used for synthesis and bit file generation. The Xilinx Chip  scope will be used to test the results on Spartan 3E 500K FPGA board. 

\end{abstract}


\keywords{QMF bank, ISE, MXE, Adaptive Equalizer, FPGA, Analysis Bank, Synthesis Bank .}

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\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
he importance of quadrature mirror filter banks in subband coding has been widely recognized and various analysis, design, and implementation issues pertaining to these filters have been intensively studied since the mid-1970. In this decade the wireless communication technologies are expected to grow multifold and spreading its usage in all communication segments. The latest processing techniques are enabling the communication system to work with longer distances, with less energy per bit. The channel equalization is an important step in all most all wireless communication receiver designs. Normal equalization techniques take long time for converging which can't be used for mobile technologies.\par
By virtue of the excellent coding and error propagation control capabilities of the sub band coding technique it has been used successfully in speech coding and image and video compression .A practical and efficient implementation platform for the sub band coding process is the quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bank. The QMF (quadrature mirror filter) based solution with sub band adaptive equalization can result less area Author : Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering,BVC Engineering College, Odalarevu, Amalapuram,India. E-mail : harikapangam@gmail.com , akula.pravin@gmail.com solution, converges very fast, hence can meet the new generation mobile requirements. The FPGA based implementation can result in high speed processing hence the proposed architecture can work for wideband signals. 
\section[{II. ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION}]{II. ADAPTIVE EQUALIZATION}\par
An adaptive equalizer is an equalizer that automatically adapts to time-varying properties of the communication channel.It is frequently used for eliminating mitigating the effects of multipath propagation and Doppler spreading in adaptive equalization, the filters adapt themselves to the dispersive effects of the channel. That is the coefficients of the filters are changed continuously according to the received data. The filter coefficients are changed in such a way that the distortion in the data is reduced. The adaptive equalizer shown in fig. In this case ,the equalizer is placed after the receiving filter in the receiver. The Sequence x(n) is applied to the input of the adaptive filter.The output y(n) of the adaptive filter will be,\par
The weights wi on the taps are basically adaptive filter coefficients.A known sequence d(ntransmitted first.This sequence is known to the receiver.The response sequencey(n) is observed.The error sequence between the two sequences is calculatedT © 2011 Global Journals Inc. (US) m Y(n)= -i) i=0 e(n)=d(n) -y(n) n=0,1,?N-1\par
if there is no distortion in the channel,then d(n)and y(n)will be exactly same producing zero error sequence. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{BASIC PRINCIPLE}]{BASIC PRINCIPLE}\par
The basic principle for the sub band Adaptive filters is,adaptive equalization operating in the fullband, adaptive algorithms even with medium computational complexity take long time to converge.The filter lengths for fullband operation is very high which consumes high area.If the channel exhibits large spectral dynamics .which is likely in mobile applications then convergence time is even more. Adaptive filters working in sub bands the convergence time is less, hence update rate is high.The filter length is less for sub band equalizer approach. Further, the subband decomposition allows implementing QMF like high speed architectures. IV. 
\section[{QUADRATURE MIRROR}]{QUADRATURE MIRROR}\par
The Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) basically is a parallel combination of a High Pass Filter (HPF) and Low Pass Filter (LPF), which performs the action of frequency subdivision by splitting the signal spectrum into two spectra. The general structure of a critically subsampled two-channel QMFbank is shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_3]{4}.\par
It is a two channel sub band coding filter bank with complementary frequency responses. It consists of two sections.\par
1. Analysis section. 2. Synthesis section.\par
The analysis sub band filters have the transfer functions H0(z) and H1(z), and the synthesis filters are represented by G0(z) and G1(z). The input-output relation in the z-domain is given by \hyperref[b1]{(1)} With linear (distortion) transfer function  Condition:-Amplitude distortion can be elliminated completely, if above mentioned condition is satisfied. The normalized frequency response of this filter is as shown in Fig.  {\ref Here} the normalization is done with the total Bandwidth of our interest. From this it is clear that with two sub-bands as mentioned above the flat response can be obtained for the frequency band of interest i.e. almost flat response can be obtained for the entire frequency range of interest. In particular, perfect reconstruction is guaranteed for a filter bank with analysis filters, hkCn), and synthesis filters,  
\section[{CONCLUSIONS}]{CONCLUSIONS}\par
Here the QMF implementation for equalizer application of wireless communication channel is done and Modelsim Xilinx Edition (MXE) will be used for simulation and functional verification. Xilinx ISE will be used for synthesis and bit file generation. The Xilinx Chip scope will be used to test the results on Spartan 3E 500K FPGA board. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{23}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 2 :Fig . 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{November} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{Global ( F )}]{Global ( F )}			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[FIR lowpass and highpass has linear phase]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{FIR lowpass and highpass has linear phase},  		 	 
\bibitem[G0 (z) =H1 (-z) G1 (z) = -H0 (-z)]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{G0 (z) =H1 (-z) G1 (z) = -H0 (-z)},  				 	 
\bibitem[The filter components satisfy the pairwise power complementary requirement .i.e the magnitude response of the filters satisfy the following]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{The filter components satisfy the pairwise power complementary requirement .i.e the magnitude response of the filters satisfy the following},  		 	 
\bibitem[The length L, of the window, wCn), is an integer multiple of the number of sub-bands]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{The length L, of the window, wCn), is an integer multiple of the number of sub-bands},  		 	 
\bibitem[The synthesis filters fkCn), is related to the analysis filters by a time-reversal]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{The synthesis filters fkCn), is related to the analysis filters by a time-reversal},  		 	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}