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\title{Construction of Concrete Wall with Resistance to Explosions-A View}
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             \author[1]{Shaik Himam  Saheb}

             \author[2]{  Chandrashekhar}

             \author[3]{B. Sri Maniteja  Goud}

             \affil[1]{  The ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education}

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\date{\small \em Received: 25 November 2021 Accepted: 23 December 2021 Published: 2 January 2022}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The research was to give the people a great protect against the explosions by using Fiber â??" reinforced concrete. The Fiber â??" reinforced concrete is very difficult to be used in the actual Construction as the Fiber can?t be mixed up with the ready mixed concrete system. The Fiber has a high resistance against the blasts and also needed a huge load of fiber. The required amount of fiber can result in reduced in practicable and lacking quantity of fiber. It?s been very tough to put fiber â??" reinforced concrete on site Placing with ready mixed concrete system plant for mixing and placing. Thus, it has analysed properties of Steel and polymeric fiber to increase practicable and shaking in mixer. The beginning experimental test mixing fiber reinforced concrete has been tested in the actual field Construction of chemical plant. As the result from the test, it is expected to present to the combined fiber for required mechanical performance with unfavourable effect on practicable of the Mixture.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{fiber reinforcement concrete, blast, steel.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
gainst Explosions and any other shock waves the structure should have a capacity of protecting people. In some facilities like plants there are a lot of people working in the area where the usage of an explosive gas is used should be defend against blasts. To maintain the protection against these actions the wall should be constructed much thicken enough with normal strength-ranged reinforced concrete. The lateral stress caused by blasts and earthquake Fiber Reinforced concrete (FRC) which is a solution know for its high energy absorption capacity and high tensile strength. The difference between concrete and Fiber Reinforcement concrete (FRC) has high tensile strength and toughness. In FRC the fiber is the main substance to improve the properties of Material.\par
On the opposite addition of fiber in concrete mixer causes decrease workability and increase viscosity and Yield Stress, due to poor yield strength FRC with high fiber content has described as a fiber ball effect while the mixing process and negative reinforced concrete performance. Therefore, as to achieve the maximum mechanical performance without Practicable issue, Slurry Fiber Concrete was introduced. For FRC the fiber content should be equally fair between mechanical properties and workability.\par
The reinforcing fibers for improving the cement Material properties have different roles or performance depending on their condition length to diameter ratio, materials or different shapes. The materials, reinforced fiber can be classified into metallic and polymeric fibers. The Metallic fiber mainly used in steel fiber increases the toughness of the Mixture. The Metallic fiber includes a high elastic modulus and high tensile strength i.e., it gives an increasing tensile strength and elastic modulus while it is taken out from the cement mixer. As the Metallic fiber has high tensile strength than cement cast, the failure practice of fiber is pulling out of the fibers, so there are different types geometrics of the Metallic fibers such as hooks, bents and different cross sections. In other way, Polymeric fibers like polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon fibers etc., Comparatively have less tensile strength and elastic modulus than metallic fiber. So, the polymeric fiber can't advance the mechanical properties of the Mixture as compared to the Metallic fiber. Because of the good cement mechanical properties in fresh state, it has higher chance of increasing mechanical properties of mixture. Specifically, polymeric fiber has high length to diameter ratio with in diameter, and because of the flexibility of the shape it doesn't decrease the Practicability of the Mixture than metallic fiber. The combination of different types of attain synthetic effect which are known as Hybrid fiber or cocktailed fiber. Substances like Banthia et al and Markovic et al give a resulted much better in mechanical properties of FRC with two fibers with different materials and Peng et al resulted two different polymeric fibers with different length to diameter ratios and melting point for much better work of reducing spalling damage of high-performance concrete mixture. This has made us to see the improvement of the of the wanted properties of FRC with combined fibers or hybrid fibers with low fiber content to achieve the much better Workability. Therefore, mixing of different kinds of fibers has used as a solution of low workability by low fiber content with equivalent performance.\par
However, many research has Reported combination of fiber for increasing the Mechanical properties. More importantly the issue of securing the quality of fiber diffusion and relatively decreased Workability, it's has been made harder to use FRC on field using ready mixed concrete system which includes A Global Journal of Researches in Engineering (A ) Volume Xx XII Issue I V ersion I plant mixing, causes trouble in truck delivery and placing along the pump. The goal is to provide a protectable concrete against Explosions and Blasts, which is obtained the required act and agreeable practicable by combining the Fibers. Therefore, it is decided to place in both fresh concrete placing and in the protection of broken things. This experiment was conducted in field for a Real Plan Construction. The result of the research is to make a high performance fiber reinforced concrete properties which has an agreeable protecting performance and workability. 
\section[{II. Literature Review}]{II. Literature Review}\par
The types of methods available in prediction of Blast Effect on Structural Building are: -Empirical Methods, Semi Empirical Methods and Numerical Method. Empirical Method are basically parallel with experimental data. Most of the way are limited by the limit of the basic experimental database. The certain Empirical Equations lowered as the blast events have been become to greater extent near fields. Semi Empirical Methods are based upon easy made models of physical phenomena. The attempt is to model the fundamental essential physical processes in an easy manner. These methods are reliable on through data and case study. Numerical Methods are based on mathematical equations that explains the fundamental laws of physics commanding a problem. These laws containing mass, momentum and energy. In addition, the physical behaviour of materials is explained by essential relationship. These are very well known as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Models.      The Experiment was held at a chemical plant which manufactures Cosmetics. For the manufacturing of the Cosmetic high-pressured gas should be introduced which is cautious and we should allocate a special area for this process and it should be protected from any kind of sudden explosions or blasts. The main structure is made of reinforced concrete structure. In this research, the outer wall of the protected area was covered with High-performance fibre-reinforced Cementitious composites (HPFRCC). The applied amount of HPFRCC was about 50 m³ for 3 m depth of the protective wall. The concrete mixture was delivered by the truck with agitator (stirrer) was placed using the ready mixed concrete system mixing at the plant and to placed by the pump. The Target concrete mixture has target compressive strength at 28 days of 25 MPa, and 150 mm of target Slump. Apart from the laboratory test, the field applied concrete has a coarse aggregate of size of 25 mm. To develop workability, combined fiber of SF to PF of 1:1 was replaced by 1\% of entire volume of the mixture. 
\section[{III. Methodology}]{III. Methodology} 
\section[{b) Test Method}]{b) Test Method}\par
To check the properties of the mixture for the real field Work, Slump and Slump flow test for Practicable, air condition and compressive strength for mechanical properties are Noted down. The testing samples were taken from the 1 st and 3 rd agitator (stirrer) truck arrived at the site. Each and every test was conducted following ASTM C143, C1611, C231 and C39 methods for Slump, Slump Flow, Air Condition and Compressive Strength. The Compressive Strength is conducted at 28 days age.\par
The concrete was mixed with a method called Central Mix Method in the ready mixed concrete plant. As the plant doesn't have the framework of fiber in addition thus the fiber was introduced manually from the provided entrance of the premeasured quantity. The time taken for mixing of HPFRCC was around 1-2 minutes instead of 30-40 seconds of regular concrete to give required workability and diffusion of Fiber. Different methods of delivery and placing of concrete are done with the agitator (stirrer) truck and pump truck. The primary thing is that the slump and Slump flow results are taken. 
\section[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}\par
The fluidity of the concrete mixture was raised after the pumping. In general workability of concrete is decreased in slump or flow after the pumping. In this research however the fiber reinforced concrete is throughout the fiber in concrete mixer was adjusted by the pressure of the pumping and it provided the improved fluidity of the fiber reinforced concrete mixture. In spite of increases fluidity of the mixture, air content of concrete was decreased. It is similar trend of already reported results of studies. However, in general, the properties of fresh-state fiber-reinforced concrete mixture were acceptable to use field construction, and there was no problem on placing process of the wall.\par
The field-processed HPFRCC's mechanical properties were evaluated with compressive strength. All concrete samples showed over 30 MPa and it absolutely was above the target compressive strength of 25 MPa. For the concrete mixture obtained after the pumping, slightly increased compressive strength was observed. It should be stated that decreased air content and welloriented fiber can contribute to the improved compressive strength. For more detail, although it's a necessity to review the relation between pumping and performance of HPFRCC, during this research, the goal of the experiment was evaluating field applicability of HPFRCC, thus it is not discussed during this paper.\par
In this research with a goal of applying HPFRCC on field conditions, the workability, mechanical properties, and protecting performance of combined fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures were evaluated, and field application was conducted with a ready-mixed concrete system. Per a series of experiment, some conclusions are obtained as follows:\par
1) By using combined fiber of SF and PF, fresh-state properties of HPFRCC were improved rather than the case with the unfavourable result with one fiber and showed better performances than the averaged value of each single-type fiber-reinforced mixture. 
\section[{VI. Conclusion}]{VI. Conclusion}\par
Safe design of RCC wall is done by either increasing the thickness of wall or by increasing the share of steel. Just in case where there's restriction of space, such the wall thickness has been restricted it's desirable to increase the share of steel because it winds up in safer design from ductility point of view but should accommodates the minimum percentage of steel. This might cause cost effectiveness of RCC wall. It has been found that for a 200mm thick RCC wall, minimum percentage of steel required to resist blast loading is 0.75\%. For a 250mm thick RCC wall, percentage of steel required to resist blast loading is 0.40\%. For a 300mm, thick RCC wall percentage of steel required to resist blast loading is 0.25\%.\par
2) For mechanical properties of compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths, the mixture with combined fiber showed improved values rather than any single-type fiber-reinforced mixtures. 3) Regarding the protection performance against flying debris, the HPFRCC panel reinforced by combined fiber showed the foremost desirable performance of protecting the high-velocity projectile. 4) The combined HPFRCC showed improved mechanical and protecting performances with favourable workability. Supported these improved features of combined fiber reinforcement, field application of combined HPFRCC was successful under the ready-mixed concrete system including agitators, delivering, and placing.\begin{figure}[htbp]
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 			\footnote{© 2022 Global Journals} 			\footnote{© 2022 Global JournalsConstruction of Concrete Wall with Resistance to Explosions-A View} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
