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\title{Evaluation of Maximum Power Point Tracking of Photovoltaic Generator}
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             \author[1]{Amal  Zouhri}

             \author[2]{Ismail  Boumhidi}

             \affil[1]{  Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar el Mahraz, Fez, Morocco}

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\date{\small \em Received: 10 December 2019 Accepted: 1 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


This paper presents the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Modelling and control of Photovoltaic Generator (PVG). The model contains a detailed representation of the main components of the system that are the solar array, boost converter, and the grid side inverter. The system adopted by a digital MPPT control "disturbance and observation". This system includes a photovoltaic generator (PVG), boost converter, MPPT "disturbance, and observation" command as well as a load. For optimum system operation, the maximum power operation of the PV array must be ensured regardless of the climatic conditions, especially the solar irradiation and the temperature of the PV module. Power control, as well as modeling and simulation, were perform.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{PVG, photovoltaic arrays, MPPT, modelling, simulation}

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\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
urrently the consumption of energy is increasing because of the trend of rapid industrialization and demographic evolution, which leads to the consumption of energy sources stock come from fossil fuels (oil, natural gas etc ... .), leading to the research and development of new sources of renewable energy. Solar energy is the most important source because photovoltaic converters directly convert the energy of solar radiation into electrical energy. In the last decade the energy solar, photovoltaic became a remains strategic source of energy. For example in Morocco, national energy consummation increase with increase the population. In the south of Morocco stands Noor 3, the largest solar energy tower in the world that propels Morocco into the future of renewable energy. In the middle of the lunar landscape of Ouarzazate, the Noor 3 tower looks down from its 243 meters to the thousands of mirrors dancing around it to the rhythm of the Moroccan sun, once a year, these thousands of mirrors are tested by focusing sunlight on two points in the sky, creating the "two moons" effect that surrounds Noor 3. This optical effect is the product of a test on the mirrors that supply the tower with light. Once a year, and only for a few hours, the rotating mechanism of the mirrors is tested by directing all the Sun's rays that they reflect to two focal points in the sky, creating the two moons of Noor 3. In operation since October 2018, this Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) tower is currently the most powerful in the world, with a power output of 150 megawatts (MW) -this corresponds to the energy consumption of about 65. Thanks to a heat storage system, the station can produce electricity even at night, hours after sunset. The tower not only produces a lot of clean energy, but also recycles the water vapor it generates in order to reduce the use of blue gold as much as possible. Thus, the steam is recovered after having been used to produce electricity and it is condensed again thanks to fans that cool it to return to the state of water, then reused to make steam a true closed circuit where the fans use the energy produced on site. With its large capacity to produce clean energy and low water consumption, Noor 3 is propelling Morocco into the future of renewable energy. A photovoltaic system will therefore consist of the previously described generator \hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}, usually associated with one or more of the following elements: ? An orientation or tracking system (rarely encountered in our latitudes), ? Electronic management (storage, current shaping, energy transfer), ? Storage to compensate for the random nature of the solar ? source, ? DC/AC converter ? A low-voltage direct current or standard alternating current load. The most commonly used PV systems are of three types: ? PV systems with electrical storage (electrochemical storage battery). These supply power to operating devices : * Either directly by direct current * Either in alternating current via a DC-AC converter; or (inverter) ? Direct coupled systems without batteries (also known as "sunlight operation").\par
The devices are connected either directly to the solar generator or, possibly via a DC-DC converter (adapter) \hyperref[b3]{[4]} or a DC-DC converter (adapter impedance) \hyperref[b4]{[5]}\hyperref[b5]{[6]}\hyperref[b6]{[7]}\hyperref[b7]{[8]}\hyperref[b8]{[9]}. For battery less systems, there is the possibility of using a form of storage that does not require a battery, or not of an electrochemical nature. -Systems connected to the local grid via a frequencycontrolled inverter of the network, with the network serving as storage. The study of photovoltaic systems comes down to the study of load adaptation. The aim is to optimize the system to have the best system adaptation efficiency (ratio of the electrical energy supplied to the use to the electrical energy that could have been supplied by the generator still operating at its maximum power point). Among the solutions available, electrochemical storage by battery pack offers a good reversibility between discharge and recharge, Lead acid batteries, currently offering one of the best compromises between service rendered and operating costs. In summary, the operating point of the solar module is determined by the battery voltage and the sunlight. The terminal voltage of the solar module is slightly higher than that of the battery (during charging). Under these conditions, the solar module can be considered as a current generator whose value is proportional to the amount of sunshine. Moreover, the property of the PV panels are very sensitive to climatic variations such as illumination and temperature. The observation and disturbance are very replied for the controlling and command the system photovoltaic connected to the grid. This method is very slow when there is a fast modified in illumination \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. This paper is organized as follows: In section 2, the modeling a photovoltaic generator are presented. The simulation are displayed in section 3 to overcome the simulation results validating our approach. A conclusion ends the paper in section 4. Our work objective is the study of the impact of some parameters on a photovoltaic generator from the modeling of the latter under Matlab simulation.   
\section[{II. MODELING A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR}]{II. MODELING A PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR}I T I T T T G I I T q E I T I T T nk T T ? ? ? ? = + ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\textbf{(2)}\par
With: n reprents the quality factor of the diode, normally between 1 and 2, ? represents the coefficient of variation of the current. The Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} represents a electrical characteristics of FVG.   \par
Iph current is directly dependent on the solar illumination Es and the temperature Tj of the cell according to  
\section[{I P E P E E P T T}]{I P E P E E P T T}? ? = + ? + ? ? ?\textbf{(4)}\par
The cell temperature can be calculated from the ambient temperature and the radiation as follows 20 800oct j a s N T T E ? ? ? = + ? ? ? ? (5)\par
The current in the diode is given by the formula ( )1 cell s cell j q V R I AKT D sat I I e + ? ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? (6)\par
With Isat is the saturation current strongly dependent on temperature. It is given by equation  The current of the shunt resistor is given bycell s cell sh sh V R I I R + =\textbf{(8)}\par
The current generated by the cell is given by: ( , ) ( , , ) .cell p s j d cell cll j sh cell I I E T I V I T I V = ? ?\textbf{(9)}\par
c) Model of a photovoltaic For modules mounted in series and in parallel one can write as \hyperref[b11]{[12]} .chaine p I I N = , mod . chaine m s ule V V N ? =\textbf{(10)}\par
With: I chaine the current delivered by a module chain Photovoltaic. N p represent number of modules in parallel. N s\textunderscore  module represent number of modules in series. V chaine represent the voltage at the terminal of the chain (V). 
\section[{III. SIMULATION RESULTS}]{III. SIMULATION RESULTS}\par
The photovoltaic generator scheme in the Matlab-Simulink environment is represented by \hyperref[b14]{[13]}\hyperref[b15]{[14]}\hyperref[b16]{[15]}\hyperref[b17]{[16]}\hyperref[b18]{[17]}\hyperref[b19]{[18]}        
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The analog and mathematical modeling of a one-diode photovoltaic generator with two series and shunt resistors was the essence of the first part of our work in this paper, which allowed us to start the simulation part under Matlab / Simulink with a more objective methodology.\par
The simulation results show the impact of the parameters that come into play in the performance of solar energy production systems such as solar irradiation, temperature, Rs series resistance, shunt resistance Rsh, panel inclination.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{23}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 2 :Fig. 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}.}\end{figure}
         \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.737109375\textwidth}P{0.112890625\textwidth}}
Standard illumination, G\tabcellsep 1000 W/m2\\
Standard temperature, T\tabcellsep 25°c\\
Maximum power Pmax\tabcellsep 60W\\
Voltage at Pmax or optimal voltage\tabcellsep 17.1 V\\
Current at Pmax or Optimal current\tabcellsep 5.5 A\\
Short-circuit current Isc\tabcellsep 3.8 A\\
Open circuit voltage Vco\tabcellsep 21.1 V\\
Number of cells in series\tabcellsep 36\\
Forbidden band energy\tabcellsep 1.12 ev\\
Temperature coefficient Isc\tabcellsep 65 mA/°c\\
Temperature coefficient Vco\tabcellsep -80 mV/°c\\
Power temperature coefficient\tabcellsep (0.5+-0.05)\%/°C\\
Saturation current Isat\tabcellsep 20 nA\\
b) Modeling a module\tabcellsep \\
An elementary cell does not generate enough\tabcellsep \\
voltage: between 0.5 and 1.5 according to technology\tabcellsep \\
{}[11]. It usually takes several cells in series to generate a\tabcellsep \\
usable voltage.\tabcellsep \\
The module voltage is therefore\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Year 2020 F © 2020 Global Journals} 			\footnote{© 2020 Global Journals} 			\footnote{Year 2020 F © 2020 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
