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\title{Urban Planning in Jordan a View towards Decentralization}
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             \author[1]{Elaf  Dawodieh}

             \author[2]{Nabeel  Al-Kurdi}

             \affil[1]{  University of Jordan}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2019 Accepted: 1 January 2020 Published: 15 January 2020}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The purpose of this research is to present the problem of centralization in Jordan, which transformed Amman into a capital state, where 4 million out of 10,103,311 concentrated in the capital, Amman. Urban planning policies in Jordan are orienting to the capital, Amman, which has turned into a magnet point and this is related to numerous reasons, which are economical, educational and health conditions, in addition to the absence of regional planning, which is concerned with the balanced distribution of services between urban areas. The results showed the effective urban polices for decentralization urban planning by creating a schematic model and redefining a global strategy for urban planning in Jordan to achieve decentralization by providing a smart growth economic development and giving each city a chance to assume a powerful part in attracting investmen.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{centralization, decentralization, urban economy, regional planning.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ne of the most prominent problems that are facing the countries of the world, including Jordan, is the centralization of INVESTMENTS, job opportunities, and services in the capital, which led to the concentration of the population according to the centralization of activities. This study emphasizes the impact of the absence of the role of urban planning on centralization in the capital Amman, which made an unmistakable distinction between urban areas, and has prompted the centralization of investments, job opportunities and services in the capital. CENTRALIZATION URBAN PLANNING CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS THAT CANNOT BE EASILY RESOLVED AFTER APPLIED. This requires reinforcing urban planning policies on orientation at the decentralization to achieve effective spatial distribution of services and job opportunities through the creation of a planning structure to make an adjusted development of urban areas and to achieve a sustainable urban economy of urban communities to reduce the centralization in Amman. In the planning stage to save time, effort and cost. A wide range of polices is available for decentralization planning.\par
To decide what approach is most appropriate to select the best method for decentralization urban planning. The current literature on decentralization have to be reviewed. Researchers have developed many Author ? ?: University of Jordan. e-mail: elafahmad1992@yahoo.com Urban planning Promotes inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, which is playing an important role to achieve a balanced growth between cities to reach a successful distribution of activities, services and job opportunities to reduce centralization in the capital. Urban planning embodies economic development projects to provide job opportunities for the population \hyperref[b0]{1} .\par
There are several planning methods for decentralization planning, including high-quality urban life, Dimensions of Decentralized Planning, and (SQL) Urban Quality of Life principles as a tool to improve the urban economy. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Material and Methodology}]{Material and Methodology}\par
The urban planning policies that aim a smart growth, economic development, and effective urban quality of life are still moving towards the capital Amman and are attempting to expand existing activities, whether economic, education, or health, which will increase the problem of centralization. In this work, we are trying to study the role of the urban planning and urban economy as a tool to resettle the population in their cities and solve the problem of centralization in the capital by using the analytical, descriptive methodology that confirms the problem. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Centralization in the Capital Amman}]{Centralization in the Capital Amman}\par
The concept of centralization in the cities came to express the centralization and accumulation of economic, political, educational, health, wellbeing, and social power in particular urban zones because of the absence of planning policies, which led to the unbalanced development between urban areas. The focal word means the concentration of services in one area meaning all kinds of services 2 . The urban planning policies that aim a smart growth, economic development are still moving towards the capital Amman and they are attempting to expand existing activities, whether economic, education, or health, which will increase the problem of centralization.\par
The volume of investments in the capital Amman for the years 2013 and 2014 was (1,607.6)  million JD compared to the total investment volume in the same period, which, was estimated (2456.1) million JD in all of Jordan, which contributed to the creation of (3829) job opportunities \hyperref[b2]{3} . Almost, half of Jordan's hospitals are located in Amman, which includes (51 out of 104 hospitals in all of the Kingdom's cities) \hyperref[b3]{4} , and (17 out of 30 universities \hyperref[b4]{5} . This confirms the centralization of economic, health, educational and job opportunities in Amman. 
\section[{Source: Greater Amman Municipality GIS, 2017}]{Source: Greater Amman Municipality GIS, 2017}\par
Fig.  {\ref 1}: Centralization in the capital Amman\par
In Jordan, we have unbalanced geographic distribution of the population as a result of absence regional planning, which most of the population is concentrated in the central regions, however it is the least in the area.  The previous table shows the concentration of the economic sector in the capital Amman, which lead to creating more jobs in the capital and encouraged the population in migrate, which resulted to the centralization in Amman. The previous table shows the extent of the centralization of services in the capital Amman. In 2003 (47) of (97 hospitals) were concentrated in the capital Amman (Ministry of Health, 2003) .Currently, Planning policies continue in orient planning towards the capital Amman, which increasing the problem of centralization. 
\section[{Source: High Population Council, 2014: Modifications by the researcher}]{Source: High Population Council, 2014: Modifications by the researcher}\par
In 2017 the Ministry of Health indicates that the number of hospitals in Jordan was 106 hospitals: 52 of them were concentrated in the capital Amman (Ministry of Health, 2012). This confirms the problem of centralization in Amman and the absence of the urban polices in Jordan. The previous table shows that the capital Amman rich more than half of economic projects in the field of construction, which contributed to provide job opportunities for the population in the capital, and increased the problem of centralization in Amman.\par
The absence of spatial planning leads to the concentration of services, such as hospitals, universities and economic activities in the capital Amman. We need to improve the urban economy to distribute jobs in balance way between cities. Decentralization is the process by which the activities, especially those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group.  The Urban economy focuses on advancing the urban strategies and policies that reinforce the capacity of cities to realize their full potential as drivers economic development, of wealth and employment creation. Special attention is paid to the formulation and implementation of urban strategies and policies that promote and boost the participation of both men and women, enhance municipal finance and contribute to the creation of decent urban jobs and livelihoods that increase economic strengthening. These are most commonly portrayed as the creation of jobs, wealth, and improvement of quality of life. Economic the development can also be described as a procedure that impacts development and restructuring of an economy to enhance the economic well being of a community. The concepts of decentralization are the distribution of services in different places or in other sense planning to give some services a higher authority than the level of their center \hyperref[b5]{6} . A proposed model for the cities of the parties to solve centralization and reduce the migration of the population and their resettlement in their cities Prosperous, Vibrant and Sustainable Economy 1. Attracting new businesses retains, and grow existing businesses through diversity, quality development and reasonable tax support.\par
? Attracting investment: Providing tax exemptions for investment in cities of the parties such as Ma'an, Tafilah, and Karak, which suffer from high migration rates towards the capital Amman to create jobs for the population and settle the population in their cities. In addition, work to amend and review the laws to achieve the idea of decentralization so that the tax law, for example, the option of citizens to pay taxes directly to the government or contribute to the construction of services in areas experiencing migrations and lack of services such as universities, hospitals, and public places, which provides job opportunities for the population to develop the economy of the cities of the parties, and helps to settle the population and reduce migration to the capital.\par
2. Providing the type of mobility options, including parking, that businesses require to thrive reinvesting and appropriately maintains its infrastructure assets. ? The transport sector is a basic sector that cannot be neglected because it affects the lives of every citizen and has a great impact on the national economy. The decline in services in this sector has negatively affected the lives of every citizen in Jordan. It is necessary to work on restructuring the public transport sector in all governorates of the Kingdom. Also finding and intensifying the means of transport for the development areas in the governorates through: 1-Operating regular transportation to reduce waiting hours for users and not waste their time and effort as they move from one place to another and taking into account the increase in the population, especially users of the public transport service. 2-Transportation: developing A well-connected, safe, and reliable transportation network that integrates driving, walking, biking, and public transit has many economic development benefits. It connects workers to jobs; lets people who cannot drive getting to stores, services amenities, and disperses users across several modes and routes, which can reduce traffic congestion. 3. Promoting job growth, offering adequate housing options and quality of life amenities.\par
? Public-private partnerships: to create job opportunities to accomplish community goals and services to achieve decentralization Most of the investments of the private sector that generated jobs are concentrated in the capital Amman, which led to the migration of a high proportion of the population of the provinces of the parties for jobs opportunities. Engage with the private sector, to ensure that urban and territorial planning coordinates the spatial location and distribution of economic activities, building on economies of scale and agglomeration, proximity and connectivity, thus contributing to increased productivity, competitiveness and job opportunities IV.\par
Access to Recreational and Educational Opportunities 1. Improving the educational environment in the cities of the parties.\par
? Settlement and attract population: attract the population through education, to the cities of the parties through the construction of universities in those cities, and to grant scholarships to students in areas that suffer from population migration, Especially in the southern region in Jordan. ? Improve the quality of education: having a highquality public school district is an important component to building a skilled workforce. Many schools in Tafileh suffer from the dilapidation of buildings, lack of educational staff and services, resulting in the migration of a proportion of the population of the province towards the capital in search of better educational services. In addition to the weak relationship between universities and the product and industrial sectors. So it is necessary to Link higher education output to the labor market. 2. Attract investment in the cities of the parties (direct invest)\par
? It is necessary to work on the development of planning policies in Jordan to achieve decentralized planning by attracting investments to the cities of the parties that suffer from high migration rates, especially Tafileh and Ma'an Governorate. This can be achieved through 1-Creating special zones equipped with infrastructure and services that are provided free of charge to investors provided that they provide 100 jobs to the residents of the region (directed investment). ? The investor can obtain an interest-free loan to finance for 6-year and operate these investments. 2-Undertaking the work of the industrial establishment on behalf of the investor by the state. 
\section[{Improving the Urban quality of life environment to attract investment and population}]{Improving the Urban quality of life environment to attract investment and population} 
\section[{Maintaining A balance between encouraging the growth of the local economy, while limiting impacts upon the quality of life}]{Maintaining A balance between encouraging the growth of the local economy, while limiting impacts upon the quality of life}\par
Providing a secure environment and creating job opportunities for the population with adequate income, low cost of living, and compatibility between the place of residence and the workplace through planning and reflection through the establishment of an effectivelly transport network that takes into account the human first, not the car. This will attract investors and residents to live in cities of the parties to achieve the idea of decentralization in Jordan through:\par
? Well-paid jobs Preserving natural areas in the city and surrounding region provides important recreational, ecological, and economic benefits that enhance the quality of life.\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
-Achieving a hierarchy of decentralized regional planning priorities that achieve decentralization by studying the spatial distribution of services to distribute to the regions in a balanced manner through regional planning and work to develop these plans and review it every four years to know the urban growth of the regions and the required distribution of services by demographic growth of regions to reduce the centrality of services in specific cities. -Maintaining the balance in projects that ensure that all regions of the Kingdom are equal in development projects that contribute to the progress and development of each region process will ease concentration in major cities. -Infrastructure: directing, planning for infrastructure to increase access to the city because the best access city gives a huge economic advantage to the city. -Increase access to open space, parks, and recreation: Open space and public gathering spaces, including playgrounds and parks, can raise property values in residential areas and could attract new residents and workers. -Attracting new businesses could help increase job opportunities, local employment options and build the city's tax base -It is important that the nature of each region is commensurate with each project, whether it is an economical, agricultural, or health project. In other words, each region will be characterized by projects that are suitable for its conditions and nature, such as tourist areas) (high educational areas) (agricultural areas) (industrial zones).\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 2 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}(Fig. 3 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 4 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}©}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
( ) Volume Xx X Issue IV Version I\\
lobal Journal of Researches in Engineering\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2521978021978022\textwidth}P{0.09963369963369963\textwidth}P{0.16190476190476188\textwidth}P{0.10897435897435896\textwidth}P{0.09652014652014651\textwidth}P{0.13076923076923078\textwidth}}
Governorate\tabcellsep No. of Hospitals\tabcellsep No. of Beds\tabcellsep No. of Gov. Hospitals\tabcellsep Private Hospital\tabcellsep Ministry of Health hospitals\\
Amman\tabcellsep 47\tabcellsep 5325\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 37\tabcellsep 4\\
Balqa\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 532\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 4\\
Zarqa\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 896\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 5\tabcellsep 2\\
Madaba\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 153\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\\
Irbid\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep 1527\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 8\\
Mafraq\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 229\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\\
Jarash\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 135\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\\
Ajlun\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 105\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 1\\
Karak\tabcellsep 6\tabcellsep 365\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 2\\
Tafiela\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 86\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\\
Ma'an\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 191\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 0\tabcellsep 2\\
Aqaba\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 199\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 0\\
Total\tabcellsep 97\tabcellsep 9743\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 56\tabcellsep 29\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3430493273542601\textwidth}P{0.14103139013452914\textwidth}P{0.15246636771300448\textwidth}P{0.21345291479820627\textwidth}}
Governorate\tabcellsep Number of contractors\tabcellsep The number of projects\tabcellsep The value of the projects (million)\\
Amman\tabcellsep 1596\tabcellsep 6084\tabcellsep 758.3\\
Others Governorate\tabcellsep 1014\tabcellsep 1096\tabcellsep 230.3\\
The total of state\tabcellsep 2610\tabcellsep 7180\tabcellsep 988.6\\
The rate of the capital from the state\tabcellsep 61\%\tabcellsep 84.7\%\tabcellsep 76.7\%\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Source: (The Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, 2016)© 2020 Global Journals lobal Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) Volume Xx X Issue IV Version I J]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.059897070467141725\textwidth}P{0.7901029295328583\textwidth}}
Policy Option 2\tabcellsep Developing goals and programs for green economic growth in both traditional and emerging industry sectors.\\
\tabcellsep Creating sustainable economic development, growth mechanisms, including\\
Policy Option 3\tabcellsep subsidies, enterprise zones, land use, land purchases, public-private partnerships and business facilitation\\
\tabcellsep Systematically, creating new business opportunities for local new economy\\
Policy Option 4\tabcellsep startups by introducing them to the city's existing base of corporations and industries requiring such products or services.\\
\tabcellsep Zoning for mixed-use development: Adjusting zoning codes to allow mixed-use\\
Policy Option 5\tabcellsep development helps create walk able, mixed-use places.\\
\tabcellsep Preservation of open and agricultural space: Preserving natural areas in the city\\
\tabcellsep and surrounding region provides important recreational, ecological, and\\
Policy Option 6\tabcellsep economic benefits that enhance quality of life. Review the city's zoning ordinances and make necessary adjustments to preserve agricultural land,\\
\tabcellsep open space, and other environmentally sensitive areas.\\
\tabcellsep Partnership building. Because smart growth, economic development\\
\tabcellsep encompasses many issues, municipal governments often look for partners\\
Policy Option7\tabcellsep from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors to help achieve community\\
\tabcellsep goals.\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{(Capital Governorate Development Program 2016-2018, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation) 4 ( Ministry of Health, 2015) 5 ( Ministry of Higher Education, 2015)} 			\footnote{ (Rondinelle, and Nellis, 1986)   } 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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