\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Design \& Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band Communication Services},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2019-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2019)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2019-01-15}
\title{Design \& Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band Communication Services}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Lavesh  Gupta}

             \author[2]{Dr. Arun Dev Dhar  Dwivedi}

             \affil[1]{  Poornima University Jaipur}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2018 Accepted: 2 January 2019 Published: 15 January 2019}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


When a fewer number of microstrip antennas are to be used for the transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals in a system, the size of the antenna array becomes a critical issue to deal with. Instead of using a number of antennas, we can use the desired number of patch antennas over a single substrate only. Main motive is to maintain the coupling suppressing sectional structure in simple manner, whilst providing a higher amount of efficiency in coupling of microstrip patch elements/antennas. At microwave frequency, the microstrip is often used as a transmission line because of its very good efficiency in transferring energy/microwave signals. In this work, an antenna design is simulated at 4.8 GHZ for its working in the C-Band communication services. 

\end{abstract}


\keywords{antenna array, mutual coupling, microstrip patch antenna, performance   optimization}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
icrostrip Patch antenna is currently, the most famous and hot topic in antenna field technology. It is highly useful in aircrafts with high performances, space-crafts, satellite and other applications as these are the areas where weight, size, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profile are the big constraints \& a cheap patch microstrip antenna is needed \hyperref[b0]{[1]}\hyperref[b1]{[2]}\hyperref[b2]{[3]}.\par
At the microwave range of frequency value, the microstrip line is used as x-mission line as it has excellent performance in the transfer of energy \& microwave signals. The most significant merit of microstrip line is, it does not produce large parasitic capacitances/inductances. While comparing it with other transmission-lines, it is found that the stripline and microstrip are very easy to use, feasible and less expensive to manufacture/fabricate and are feasible to attach to surface-mounted components \& structures \hyperref[b3]{[4]}\hyperref[b4]{[5]}.\par
The operating frequency of microstrip antennas usually ranges from 1 to 50 GHz \hyperref[b5]{[6]}\hyperref[b6]{[7]}. The following figure shows the block diagram of basic microstrip patch antenna system.  
\section[{Quarter wave Transformer}]{Quarter wave Transformer}\par
It is quarter wavelength section of a transmission line. It is used to match the impedance between antenna and main transmission feed-line. It is not hard to construct the quarter wave line sections at low values of impedances \hyperref[b7]{[8]}\hyperref[b8]{[9]}\hyperref[b11]{[10]}. It has an impedance of 70 ohms, which provides exact match to the impedances b/w strip line and the patch antenna elements. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Design Parameters for C-Band Systems}]{Design Parameters for C-Band Systems}\par
We start with the microstrip patch antenna by calculating the length and width of a rectangular microstrip antenna for resonance at 4.8 GHz.\par
The dielectric material selected for the design is FR-4, which has a dielectric constant of 4.4. 
\section[{? Height of Dielectric Substrate (h):}]{? Height of Dielectric Substrate (h):}\par
For the microstrip patch antenna, the height of the dielectric substrate is selected as 1.60 mm. Hence, the essential parameters for the design are:\par
Resonating frequency, f r = 4.8 GHz..\par
Permittivity of substrate, ? r = 4.4. Height h of substrate, h = 1.60 mm. Substrate used, FR-4.\par
IV. 
\section[{Design Equations}]{Design Equations}\par
Due to fringing effects, electrically patch of antenna looks larger than physical specifications. Enlargement on 'L' is given by \hyperref[b9]{[11]}\hyperref[b10]{[12]}:1 1 0.412( 0.3)( 0.264) / ( 0.258)( 0.8) reff reff L Wh Wh ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = + + ? + ? ?\par
Here, effective relative permittivity is as follows:1 1 1 2 2 1 12 r r reff hW ? ? ? ? + ? = + + -\textbf{(2)}\par
This is related to the ratio of h/W. The larger the h/W, the smaller is the effective permittivity. The effective length of the patch is given by:2 eff L L L = + ? -(3)\par
The resonance frequency or the TM10 mode is given by:1 1 2 2( 2 ) r eff reff o o reff o o f L L L ? ? µ ? ? µ = = + ? -\textbf{(4)}\par
Optimized width for efficient radiator is as follows:1 2 1 2 r r o W f ? ? = + -\textbf{(5)}\par
The reflection coefficient and VSWR can be related through the following formula as:???????? = 1+|Ð?"| 1?|Ð?"| -(6)\par
The value of reflection coefficient is given by:Ð?" = (Z L -Z 0 )/(Z L +Z 0 ) -\textbf{(7)}\par
The return loss should be a large negative number as possible. It is defined empirically through following:-?????? = ?20 log 10 (|Ð?"|) = ?20log 10 ? Z a ?Z o Z a +Z o ? -(8)\par
The impedance bandwidth is inversely proportional to quality factor of an antenna and is given by:-1 VSWR BW Q VSWR ? = -\textbf{(9)}\par
The bandwidth of an antenna is given by:-???? = ? 2(ð??"ð??" ?? ?ð??"ð??" ?? ) ð??"ð??" ?? +ð??"ð??" ?? × 100\%\par
(Bandwidth < 100 \%) or,???? = ? ð??"ð??" ?? ð??"ð??" ?? ? 1 -\textbf{(10)}\par
(Bandwidth > 100 \%) Mathematically, directivity (dimensionless) can be written as:( ) ( ) ( ) ( )\textbf{, 4 , 4 , , n t U}U U D U P Ud ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = = = ? ?? ? -\textbf{(11)}\par
V. 
\section[{Design Procedure}]{Design Procedure}\par
If the substrate parameters (? r \& h) \& operatinal frequency (f r ) are known, then we can easily find out patch array dimensions, using above simplified equations and by following the below design procedure:\par
Step 1: Width Calculation:\par
Use the above equation to find the patch width W. by substituting the value of f = 4.8 GHz and permittivity as 4.4, the width of the antenna patch comes out to be as 19 mm.\par
Step 2: Calculation of the effective permittivity: By using the above mentioned equations \& putting the value of permittivity as 4.4, width as 19 and height as 1.6 mm, the effective value of dielectric constant is obtained as 3.8985. 
\section[{Step 3: Computation of the extension of length:}]{Step 3: Computation of the extension of length:}\par
The value of extended length comes out to be as 0.7277 mm by using the aforesaid equations \hyperref[b12]{[13]} {\ref [14]}.\par
Step 4: Determine the actual length 'L': Solving the following equation for 'L' which is given by:1 2 2 r reff o o L L f ? ? µ = ? ?\textbf{(12)}\par
- Here, difference in length comes out to be 0.7277 mm. The actual length of the patch is obtained as 14.37 mm, while its width comes out to be 19 mm (W/L < 2). The effective value of permittivity of FR-4 is obtained as 3.8985. 
\section[{VI.}]{VI.} 
\section[{Design of 50 OHMS Feeding-Line}]{Design of 50 OHMS Feeding-Line}\par
To design a feed line, the ratio of width of feed line to height of substrate must be less than 2. Their ratio is given by the following relation:W/d = \{8.e A /(e 2A -2)\} < 2 - (\textbf{13})So, A = \{(Z 0 )/60\}[(1+ ? r )/2] 1/2 + [(-1+ ? r )(.23+.11/ ? r )/(1+ ? r )]\par
Here, the thickness (d) of the substrate is 1.60 mm, ?r is 4.4, length (l) of the feed line is assumed as 07 mm and input impedance of feed line is 50 ohms. The value of constant 'A' is calculated as 1.5297 and that of ?eff (effective) is obtained as 3.8985. Also, w/d is less than 2. So, the width of both the feeding lines comes out to be 3.05 mm. Therefore, W = 3.05 mm and L = 7 mm. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Design of Quarter-Wave Transformer}]{Design of Quarter-Wave Transformer}\par
The input resistance to patch is denoted by R in \& is given by: R in = (120/2* width of patch)*(c/f)*(? eff ) -1/2 -(14)\par
From the above equation, the input resistance is obtained as 100 ohms, by putting effective permittivity as 3.8985, frequency as 4.8 GHz and patch width as 19 mm. Therefore, the equivalent resistance is given by \hyperref[b14]{[15]}\hyperref[b15]{[16]}:Z q = (50*R in ) 1/2 -(15)\par
So, the equivalent resistance comes out to be 70 ohms. The value of 'A' is obtained as 2.07, by putting permittivity as 4.4 and Z q as 70 ohms. Also, the transformer's width is obtained as 1.656 mm. The length of the transformer is given by the following relation:L = (1/4)*(? eff ) -1/2 *(wavelength of EM wave) -(\textbf{16})\par
For a height of 1.6 mm and transformer width of 1.656 mm, the value of effective permittivity comes out to be as 3.18. The parametric values of transformer are obtained as: L = 8.76 mm, W = 1.66 mm, R in = 100 ohms \& Z q (equivalent) = 70 ohms. 
\section[{VIII.}]{VIII.} 
\section[{Mathematical Model Ling}]{Mathematical Model Ling}\par
The expression for the effective permittivity is given by the following relation:0.5 1 1 12 1 2 2 r r eff h W ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? = + + ? ? ? ? -\textbf{(17)}\par
Where, h = Height of dielectric substrate, \& W = Width of the patch.\par
The fringing fields along the width are modelled as radiating slots and electrically, patch of the microstrip antenna looks larger as compared to the physical dimensions. The dimensions of patch along with its length are extended on each end by the distance Î?"l, which is given empirically by the following relation:0.262 0.3 0.412 0.258 0.814 eff eff W h l h W h ? ? ? ? + ? ? + ? ? ? = ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ?\textbf{(18)}\par
The effective length of the patch L now becomes:2 2 r eff c L l f ? = ? ?\textbf{(19)}\par
For efficient radiation, the width W is given by: Step 3: To create substrate Block:0.5 1 2 2 r r c W f ? ? + ? ? = ? ? ? ?\textbf{(}\par
Create block of substrate plane using the solid block primitive by clicking its tab.\par
Step 4: To create ground plane Create the ground on dielectric substrate; the ground will be of the same dimensions as the substrate plane.\par
Step 5: To create Patch:\par
Create a rectangular patch on top of the dielectric substrate.\par
Step 6: To create Feed-Line:\par
Create a 50 ohms feed-line for the patch antenna.\par
Construct the geometry of the patch antenna. The next step is to describe the electromagnetic parameters of the model.\par
Step 8: To define material parameters:\par
Define the materials used in the design and attach them to the geometrical bodies created in the previous section.\par
Step 9: Result Analysis: ? Analyze the model and display the results in the CST MICROSTRIPES window. ? The results for the "return loss v/s frequency" will automatically be displayed.\par
Step 7: To set electromagnetic parameters: \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2019}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}F © 2019}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2341}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 2 :Fig. 3 :FFig. 4 :Step 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{56}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 5 :Fig. 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{figure6}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{figure7}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{Design \& Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band Communication Services? Permittivity of FR-4 (? r ):} 			\footnote{© 2019 Global Journals S S} 			\footnote{© 2019 Global Journals Design \& Simulation of Microstrip Patch Antenna for C-Band Communication Services} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Arya et al.]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{},  		 			Ashwini K Arya 		,  		 			M V Karti Keyan 		,  		 			A Patnaik 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Ho et al. ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘A compact subdivided microstrip square patch array with low mutual coupling’.  		 			Joanna Ho 		,  		 			Ji-Yong Park 		,  		 			Christophe Caloz 		,  		 			Tatsuo Itoh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium},  				2003. 2003. IEEE. 1 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Caloz et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		‘A novel multilayer photonic band-gap (PBG) structure for microstrip circuits and antennas’.  		 			C Caloz 		,  		 			C-C Chang 		,  		 			Y Qian 		,  		 			T Itoh 		.  	 	 		\textit{Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium},  				2001. 2001. IEEE. 2 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Gao and Chang ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Analysis of microstrip line coupled to microstrip antenna’.  		 			X Z Gao 		,  		 			K Chang 		.  	 	 		\textit{Electronics Letters}  		1987. 23  (13)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Lim et al. ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘Design of a subwave length patch antenna cover’.  		 			J S Lim 		,  		 			C B Kim 		,  		 			J S Jang 		,  		 			H S Lee 		,  		 			Y H Jung 		,  		 			J H Kim 		,  		 			S B Park 		,  		 			B H Lee 		,  		 			M S Lee 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Zhejiang University}  		2007. 8  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Rubio et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Efficient full-wave analysis of mutual coupling between cavity-backed microstrip patch antennas’.  		 			J Rubio 		,  		 			M A Gonzalez 		,  		 			J Zapata 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters},  				2003. 2 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Rubio et al. ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘Efficient full-wave analysis of mutual coupling between cavity-backed microstrip patch antennas’.  		 			J Rubio 		,  		 			M A Gonzalez 		,  		 			J Zapata 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters},  				2003. 2 p. .  	 
\bibitem[Li et al. ()]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		‘Equivalent-circuit analysis of a broadband printed dipole with adjusted integrated balun and an array for base station applications’.  		 			Ronglin Li 		,  		 			Terence Wu 		,  		 			Bo Pan 		,  		 			Kyutae Lim 		,  		 			Joy Laskar 		,  		 			Manos M Tentzeris 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation}  		2009. 57  (7)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Zhu and Hu ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘Improved patch antenna performance by using a metamaterial ? The FR-4 Substrate had the dimensions of 75 mm* 75 mm’.  		 			Jun Zhu 		,  		 			Hu 		.  	 	 		\textit{Recent Advances in Microwave Theory \& Applications, MICROWAVE. International Conference on},  				2008. IEEE. p. .  	 	 (Efficiency enhancement of microstrip patch antenna with DGS) 
\bibitem[Chang et al. ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Multiple-polarization microstrip reflectarray antenna with high efficiency \& low cross-polarization’.  		 			Chang 		,  		 			Ming-Chih Dau-Chyrh 		,  		 			Huang 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Transactions on Antennas \& Propagation}  		1995. 43  (8)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Wang et al. ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		‘Mutual coupling reduction between two microstrip patch antennas by using the parasitic elements’.  		 			H Wang 		,  		 			D G Fang 		,  		 			X L Wang 		.  	 	 		\textit{Microwave Conference},  				2008. 2008. 2008. IEEE. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Cho et al. ()]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		‘Mutual coupling reduction between two microstrip patch antennas using isolated soft surface structures’.  		 			Tae Cho 		,  		 			Joong Kwan Kim 		,  		 			Lee Hong Min 		.  	 	 		\textit{Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, APSURSI'09. IEEE},  				2009. IEEE. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Salehi et al. ()]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		‘Mutual coupling reduction of microstrip antennas using defected ground structure’.  		 			Mohsen Salehi 		,  		 			Alireza Motevasselian 		,  		 			Ahad Tavakoli 		,  		 			Teimur Heidari 		.  	 	 		\textit{Communication systems, 2006. ICCS. 10th IEEE Singapore International Conference},  				2006. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Griguer et al. ()]{b15}\label{b15} 	 		‘Patch antenna bandwidth enhancement through the use of meta materials’.  		 			Hafid Griguer 		,  		 			Eric Marzolf 		,  		 			Hicham Lalj 		,  		 			Fatima Riouch 		,  		 			M'hamed Drissi 		.  	 	 		\textit{Telecommunications, ICT'09},  				2009. 2008. 2008. IEEE. p. .  	 	 (Microwave Conference. 38th European) 
\bibitem[Chiu et al. ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘Radiating patches with low mutual coupling for antenna arrays’.  		 			Leung Chiu 		,  		 			Quan Xue 		,  		 			Chi Hou Chan 		.  	 	 		\textit{Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium},  				2007. 2007. IEEE. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Ju et al. ()]{b14}\label{b14} 	 		‘Wideband high-gain antenna using meta material super strate with the zero refractive index’.  		 			Jeongho Ju 		,  		 			Dongho Kim 		,  		 			Wangjoo J Lee 		,  		 			Jaeick I Choi 		.  	 	 		\textit{Microwave \& Optical Technology Letters}  		2009. 51  (8)  p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
