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\title{The Economic Development of Dam Construction Projects by Applying A Critical Chain Project Management}
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             \author[1]{Mohammad Javad  Khosravi}

             \affil[1]{  Islamic Azad University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2018 Accepted: 4 January 2019 Published: 15 January 2019}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The dam construction industry in Iran has always been considered as one of the country's most important industries due to the lack of rainfall. To accomplish this, we need to properly manage the dam construction process. Traditional algorithms, such as the Critical Paths Methods (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) have been used since ancient times to plan and control most of the projects, including dam construction projects. With traditional methods of project management, a large percentage of time and resources are often lost due to reasons such as the lack of prioritization, student syndrome, and bad multi-tasking. The Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) is a method for project planning, with emphasis on the resources needed to carry out the project. In this research, which was done on the Kahir reservoir, the CPM method was first used and then analyzed by CCPM method. Using resource dependency, identifying and embedding project buffers and leveling resources in this study reduced the implementation time of the project for 27 days. 

\end{abstract}


\keywords{kahir dam, buffers, resource leveling, cpm, ccpm.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{The Economic Development of Dam Construction Projects by Applying a Critical Chain Project Management}]{The Economic Development of Dam Construction Projects by Applying a Critical Chain Project Management}\par
Mohammad Javad Khosravi Abstract-The dam construction industry in Iran has always been considered as one of the country's most important industries due to the lack of rainfall. To accomplish this, we need to properly manage the dam construction process.\par
Traditional algorithms, such as the Critical Paths Methods (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) have been used since ancient times to plan and control most of the projects, including dam construction projects. With traditional methods of project management, a large percentage of time and resources are often lost due to reasons such as the lack of prioritization, student syndrome, and bad multi-tasking. The Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) is a method for project planning, with emphasis on the resources needed to carry out the project. In this research, which was done on the Kahir reservoir, the CPM method was first used and then analyzed by CCPM method. Using resource dependency, identifying and embedding project buffers and leveling resources in this study reduced the implementation time of the project for 27 days. This resulted in about 15.5 billion Rials of profit (derived from early operation and job creation) in this project.\par
Keywords: kahir dam, buffers, resource leveling, CPM, CCPM. 
\section[{I. introduction}]{I. introduction}\par
ncreasing the population of cities and the people's desire to live in urban areas, reduce rainfall and imbalance in rainfall, has led the country's managers to increasingly control surface water management. There fore, managers considered building the dam as a strategic factor to deal with these problems. In fact, most developed countries consider the construction and implementation of numerous water resource development projects to accelerate the development of economic and social development. Dams are one of the most important development infrastructures with an emphasis on drinking water supply and increasing economic growth through irrigation of agricultural products, increased subsurface production and power generation, and flood control. Recognizing and evaluating these impacts in the process of sustainable rural development in relation to the situation of villages can be very useful and in order to exploit the capabilities created as a result of the construction of the dam.\par
In addition to the positive effects of these structures, we often see their negative impacts in various social, economic and environmental dimensions. Population displacement, migration, change in the type of economic activity, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of plant and animal species are among the negative effects of these structures. In recent years, extensive research has been carried out on the dam construction industry. Of the most important branches in the dam construction are flood control \hyperref[b0]{[1]}\hyperref[b2]{[2]}\hyperref[b3]{[3]}\hyperref[b4]{[4]}, water supply \hyperref[b5]{[5,}\hyperref[b6]{6]}, hydroelectric power generation \hyperref[b7]{[7]}, irrigation \hyperref[b8]{[8]}, reservoir operation \hyperref[b10]{[9]}\hyperref[b11]{[10]}\hyperref[b12]{[11]}\hyperref[b13]{[12]}\hyperref[b14]{[13]}\hyperref[b15]{[14]}\hyperref[b16]{[15]}\hyperref[b17]{[16]}\hyperref[b18]{[17]}, environmental and so on \hyperref[b19]{[18]}\hyperref[b20]{[19]}\hyperref[b21]{[20]}\hyperref[b22]{[21]}\hyperref[b23]{[22]}\hyperref[b24]{[23]}\hyperref[b25]{[24]}. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Research Methodology a) Kahir Reservoir Dam}]{Research Methodology a) Kahir Reservoir Dam}\par
Kahir dam is a Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) type with a capacity of 314 million cubic meters (MCM)with the aim of irrigation and water supply since its launch in 2011.The lake has a length of 21 km, an overflow capacity of 8560 m 3 /sec, a reservoir area of 23 km 2 , and an overflow type is Ogee spillway without a valve. The length of the crest of the dam is 382.5 m, the width of the crown is 5 meters, the height is 54.5 meters and the volume of the reservoir is 314 million cubic meters in normal size.\par
Annual water supply of 20 MCM is carried out irrigation under pressure method, Chabahar and Konarak industries amount to 13 MCM, supply of drinking water from Chabahar and Konarak to 15 MCM, Rural water supply to 1400000 m3, and Artificial feeding on the bottom of the Kahir Dam is about 5 MCM of the general purpose of making the Kahir Reservoir. After using this dam, 2,450 hectares of downstream agricultural land will be used for irrigated irrigation systems. Other information is given below.  
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
Floatation and leveling of resources in the project:\par
The following table is part of the Work-Breakdown Structure (WBS) of the Kahir dam construction project (dam body), which is used by the CPM method to control the project. The following chart also shows the Gantt Chart of the CPM method of activity related to the dam body. The total of these activities is 799 days. The red color indicates the criticality of the activities. The resource chart used with the CPM method for the dam body section is given below. It is clear that this chart is before the leveling of resources.\par
Figure  {\ref 2}: Resources used in the dam body through the CPM method before resources leveling   {\ref .} As can be seen clearly, the CCPM method does not exceed the maximum amount of resources.   The total duration of the project is 1348 days based on the CCPM method. This amount reduced the completion time of the project by 27 days to the planned CPM duration.\par
IV. 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
As shown in the figures below, taking into account the floats and slack in the activities, the activities move as far as possible to the extent that they allow the leveling of the maximum resources to be appropriate. These changes are available to reduce resources to reach available resources. The result of the time of these changes was to shift the time of some activities to the Finish to Start type. Most of the changes in the current example are from day 394 to day 452 and from day 497 to day 764.We are seeing a decrease in resources in the 15th to 202th and 226th to 230th and 273th to 312th days of the project in order to flatten the resources. Most of the changes mentioned above are due to the shifting of the reinforcing operations, the formatting and execution of the guide wall, Execution of plastic concrete in cut off wall and the implementation of the horizontal drain filter. Due to the lack of flotation in the excavation of the body of the dam, the excavation of the dam's cut off wall and profiling of the substrate for the shell execution, as well as the preparation and implementation of the shell (in the first part) and the implementation of clay layers (Due to being in critical activities), there was no shifting in these cases.  
\section[{Allocation of Resources and cpm Method}]{Allocation of Resources and cpm Method}\par
As indicated in the figures below, the amount of resources available in the CPM method at some time intervals from the project is greater than the maximum amount of allocated resources. The resource constraints lead to the use of critical chain management method (CCPM) in project control. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, the difference in resources needed for project management and control with the CPM method should be reduced to the maximum amount of available resources to zero.    
\section[{VI. Allocation of Resources and CP Meth}]{VI. Allocation of Resources and CP Meth}\par
The efficiency of the CCPM method is clearly demonstrated due to the non-violation of maximum resources.\par
Figure  {\ref 11}: Comparison of days of the project where the resources of the CCPM method are greater than the maximum amount of resources.    
\section[{Economic Analysis}]{Economic Analysis}\par
In order to carry out the economic analysis (due to the reduction of 27 days of the project time) in the present project (using the critical chain method for the project of construction of the Kahir dam) the sum of the resulting benefits including employment income and income from operation were used. The direct benefits of this project were the value of agricultural income in the region, fish farming and hydropower production, and non-direct benefits included employment during the construction phase and operating period. Data used in the calculation and analysis below have been received from Sistan-Balouchestan Regional Water Organization and reliable sources. The ratio of 7.397\% is sufficient to multiply one year's income from work of 110 million Rials. Therefore, the amount of 8136987 Rials is also considered as 27day earnings. The sum of the figures obtained is 15533506849 Rials, which is the total sum of the revenues. 
\section[{VIII.}]{VIII.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Construction of dam like other civil engineering activities will have positive and negative effects, especially in the long run. Of the most important positive effects of dam building on the region are the following: Increase in rural development, Increase in the value of arable land, Increased revenues through jobs (agricultural and non-agricultural), Increased employment. Also, with the construction of the dam, we see an increase in employment (falling unemployment) in the region. According to inflation and unemployment in the Philips theory, inflation in the region is also decreasing with increasing employment. As a result, we will see income growth, well-being, health and education in the region.\par
However, damage to ancient monuments (if any), damage to facilities within the study area (such as school, roads, water, electricity, and telecommunications), environmental impacts, high cost of resettlement are among the negative economic consequences of dam construction projects. It is important to consider the social issues and the sustainable development of the project and increase the amount of profit for the project. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{34}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 3 :Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
        \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7146690518783542\textwidth}P{0.09275491949910554\textwidth}P{0.04257602862254025\textwidth}}
Activity\tabcellsep Duration of activity (day)\tabcellsep \\
Excavation of the body of dam\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 7\\
Guide wall reinforcement\tabcellsep 68\tabcellsep 16\\
Guide wall formatting execution\tabcellsep 69\tabcellsep 22\\
Guide wall concrete construction\tabcellsep 67\tabcellsep 25\\
Excavation of dam Cut off Wall\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 30\\
Drilling\tabcellsep 515\tabcellsep 32\\
Regularization and profiling of substrate for shell execution\tabcellsep 12\tabcellsep 35\\
Execution of plastic concrete in sealing wall\tabcellsep 523\tabcellsep 39\\
Filtration and horizontal drain\tabcellsep 423\tabcellsep 44\\
Implementation of RIP Rap\tabcellsep 501\tabcellsep 44\\
Preparation and execution of the shell of the first part\tabcellsep 419\tabcellsep 45\\
Execution of clay layers\tabcellsep 412\tabcellsep 45\\
Execution of filter and straight drainage\tabcellsep 349\tabcellsep 45\\
Execution of sealing wall\tabcellsep 531\tabcellsep 274\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: Start(day)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0076576576576576575\textwidth}P{0.015315315315315315\textwidth}P{0.015315315315315315\textwidth}P{0.015315315315315315\textwidth}P{0.015315315315315315\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}}
1\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 106\tabcellsep 127\tabcellsep 148\tabcellsep 169\tabcellsep 190\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 232\tabcellsep 253\tabcellsep 274\tabcellsep 295\tabcellsep 316\tabcellsep 337\tabcellsep 358\tabcellsep 379\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 421\tabcellsep 442\tabcellsep 463\tabcellsep 484\tabcellsep 505\tabcellsep 526\tabcellsep 547\tabcellsep 568\tabcellsep 589\tabcellsep 610\tabcellsep 631\tabcellsep 652\tabcellsep 673\tabcellsep 694\tabcellsep 715\tabcellsep 736\tabcellsep 757\tabcellsep 778\tabcellsep 799\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: A comparison chart of the CPM and CCPM method is presented in the following figure]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.043037974683544304\textwidth}P{0.13987341772151898\textwidth}P{0.6670886075949367\textwidth}}
Activity\tabcellsep Duration of activity (day)\tabcellsep Start (day)\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2019\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 31\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) Volume XIx X Issue II Version I E\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Global\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2019 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.0066929133858267716\textwidth}P{0.013385826771653543\textwidth}P{0.013385826771653543\textwidth}P{0.013385826771653543\textwidth}P{0.013385826771653543\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.12716535433070866\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}P{0.020078740157480315\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{CCPM=MAX}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
1\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep 43\tabcellsep 64\tabcellsep 85\tabcellsep 106\tabcellsep 127\tabcellsep 148\tabcellsep 169\tabcellsep 190\tabcellsep 211\tabcellsep 232\tabcellsep 253\tabcellsep 274\tabcellsep 295\tabcellsep 316\tabcellsep 337\tabcellsep 358\tabcellsep 379\tabcellsep 400\tabcellsep 421\tabcellsep 442\tabcellsep 463\tabcellsep 484\tabcellsep 505\tabcellsep 526\tabcellsep 547\tabcellsep 568\tabcellsep 589\tabcellsep 610\tabcellsep 631\tabcellsep 652\tabcellsep 673\tabcellsep 694\tabcellsep 715\tabcellsep 736\tabcellsep 757\tabcellsep 778\tabcellsep 799\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{CCPM<MAX}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}}\end{figure}
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\end{document}
