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\title{MPPT Charge Controller Design in a Solar PV System under Rapidly Changing Climate Condition}
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             \author[1]{Mostafizur  Rahman}

             \author[2]{MD Mahmudur  Rahman}

             \affil[1]{  Daffodil International University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2018 Accepted: 31 December 2018 Published: 15 January 2019}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


This paper presents a detailed theoretical study of photovoltaic (PV) systems and their operation using the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) method and presents the simulation of photovoltaic modules validated by computer software simulation followed by an experimental setup of MATLAB R2017a.The first approach to build the performance of a photovoltaic solar panel is to use a maximum power point tracker in rapidly changing climatic conditions and use a DC-DC converter to maximize the output power. This framework can operate at the maximum power point MPP and produces its highest power in different irradiance conditions when the solar panels are partially shaded. The main perspectivesis design and simulation of a simple but efficient charge controller by utilizing maximum power point tracker for photovoltaic system and analysis results show that this MPPT system with perturb & observe (P&O) method and the DC-DC Boost converter can significantly increase the efficiency and the performance of PV.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{photovoltaic (pv), , maximum power point tracking (MPPT), dc-dc converter, boost converter.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
lobal temperature changes have become a major problem in global warming in recent years. In addition to energy demand, there is also an environmental threats. Many countries are concerned to reduce their ozone-damaging emissions and to continue their efforts to improve the energy system. Renewable energy sources see how these problems are solved. In 2017, an estimated 17 countries generated more than 90\% of their electricity from renewable sources \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Solar energy is considered to be one of the most important renewable sources available in abundance, free of pollution and free of charge in remote areas where there is still no electricity. \hyperref[b1]{[2]}- \hyperref[b2]{[3]}.\par
Solar power extracted from solar photovoltaic (PV) cells delivers low efficiency \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Because of these problems, it is important to extract maximum power from solar photovoltaic cells and improve efficiency in different weather and temperature conditions. An MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is an electronic tracking device usually digital DC to DC converter which is connected between solar panels and battery or the utility grid that optimizes the match between the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank or utility grid. It monitors the PV array for the maximum power point and tries to use this information not only to control the output Typically, this means that the voltage is reduced while the current is increased and most of the overall output power is maintained. In this research with the MPPT controller, we used P\&O algorithm that has a conversion efficiency of 95\%. Output gain varies greatly due to partial shading, bad weather condition, temperature effect, battery charging state, and other consideration. 
\section[{METHODOLOGY OF PV SYSTEM}]{METHODOLOGY OF PV SYSTEM}\par
A typical MPPT and PV system consists of photovoltaic array modules. The designing ideas first come from the Photovoltaic cell (PV cell) or solar cell which can absorblight from the sun and that transmitted to the absorber layer and converted into electrical energy, the process known as the photoelectric effect. An electrical circuit that contains only a currentsource (?? ?? ) and a diode (D)can represent an ideal solar cell. In real life, however, there is no ideal solar cell so that with the proposed model there is series and shunt resistance (?? ?? , ?? ???? ) added. IV-curve which is represents the performance of a solar cell demonstrated by measuring its current and voltage employed on the device and defined for a unique set of temperature and irradiance conditions. For example, if the irradiance (G) increases, the IV curve improves, but the temperature (T) increase leads to a worse IV curve and vice versa \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. 
\section[{Global}]{Global}\par
There are three important points:  
\section[{b) Characteristic Equation of PV Cell}]{b) Characteristic Equation of PV Cell}\par
The current (I) generated by the solar cell from the equivalent circuit,?? = ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? (1)\par
The diode current is controlled by the voltage,?? ?? = ?? + ???? ??\textbf{(2)}\par
The current through the diode is diverted by the equation of the Shockley diode:?? ?? = ?? 0 ?exp ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ? 1?\textbf{(3)}\par
In accordance with Ohm's law, the current of shunt resistor(?? ???? ):?? ???? = ?? ?? ?? ????\textbf{(4)}\par
The characteristic equation of a solar cell by replacing them with equation (  {\ref 1}):?? = ?? ?? ? ?? 0 ?exp ? ?? + ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ? 1? ? ?? + ???? ?? ?? ????\par
Where, A single solar cell cannot deliver the necessary output. The required number of such cells is therefore combined and forms a photovoltaic module or solar module \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. Connecting cells in serial circuits, the total circuit current remains the same, but the output voltage increases and the output current increases in parallel, but the voltage remains the same.?? 
\section[{d) Photovoltaic Array}]{d) Photovoltaic Array}\par
A group of PV panels is connected to a large array in series and parallel known as Photovoltaic Array \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. For higher voltage requirement photovoltaic panel are wired in series but for higher current wired in parallel. The Photovoltaic array VI-characteristic equation can be expressed as,I = N p × I L ? N p × I 0 ?exp ? V + I × ? N s N p ? × R S N s × n × V T ? ? 1? ? V + I × ? N s N p ? × R S ? N s N p ? × R SH\par
Where, 
\section[{?? ?? Number of PV modules connected in series ?? ?? Number of PV modules connected in parallel}]{?? ?? Number of PV modules connected in series ?? ?? Number of PV modules connected in parallel}\par
The output voltage of the array:V out = ((12V | 12V) || (12V | 12V)) = (24V || 24V) = 24V\par
The output current (I T ) is equal to the total of the parallel branch currents:I T = (3.75A | 3.75A) || (3.75A | 3.75A) = (3.75A ||3.75A) = 7.5A\par
The maximum power of the PV array can be calculated as:P out = V out × I T = 24 × 7.5 = 180??\par
The maximum output of 180 watts in full sun. The actual output is usually much lower than the calculated 180 watts due to different radiation level, temperature effect, electrical losses, and other factors.\par
Due to shading and reverse current flow excessive heat and power loss occurs in the PV system. To prevent heat and power losses there two types of diode diodes are used, Bypass diodes and Blocking diode. The same type of diode, Schottky barrier diode is used for both but what's makes it different is, how it can be wired and what it does.\par
Bypass diodes reduce power loss due to shading effect \hyperref[b4]{[5]} (caused by dust, leaves, trees, buildings etc.) in solar panel and may generate excessive heat. The diode is wired parallel to the cells so that current can flow through the diode even the cell not operate or damage.\par
During night time there is a high possibility to discharge battery due to reverse current flow from the battery into the solar panel because of lower solar panel voltage. The series blocking diode prevents reverse flow and only allows the power to enter the battery and prevent from being discharged. 
\section[{III. Implement \& Design of Step-Up/Boost Converter}]{III. Implement \& Design of Step-Up/Boost Converter}\par
A fundamental DC-DC boost converter (step-up converter) arranged that step-up the input voltage so that the output (load) is higher than the input \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. We can control DC output voltage by controlling the percentage of time that turning the switch on and off.\par
ii. Switch off (0\% duty cycle)\par
If we leave the switch turn off 100\% of the time, the output voltage will equal to the battery voltage. 
\section[{Switch on (100\% duty cycle)}]{Switch on (100\% duty cycle)}\par
If we leave the switch always on 100\% of the time, the current will theoretically keep increasing to infinity and overcurrent flow can generate an excess amount of heat which can cause damage the entire circuit. 
\section[{b) Simulation Model of Boost Converter}]{b) Simulation Model of Boost Converter}\par
The SIMULINK and MATLAB model shown in Fig.  {\ref 14} represents a DC voltage source connected to a resistive load through a DC-DC boost converter with an IGBT (switching device), where the duty cycle is manually updated to attain maximum power. Using\par
Pulse Generator here we are controlling duty cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio or percentage of the period of time for which the switch is activated.\par
Parameters of DC-DC boost converter as given in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. The performance of the boost converter circuit without PV module conditions as given in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{2\&} Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}.\par
When a 6V and 10V DC voltage source connected, at 53\% duty cycle efficiency shows a maximum 96\% and at 52\% duty cycle efficiency from the boost converter is 97.5\%.Irradiance and temperature effect neglected in both cases.    
\section[{Principle and Research of the Mppt}]{Principle and Research of the Mppt}\par
The Maximum power point tracking, MPPT charge controller examine the output power of the PV panel and compare it with battery voltage then maximizes the output in all different conditions \hyperref[b7]{[8]}. The output gain varies considerably due to partial shading, bad weather, temperature, battery charging and other factors \hyperref[b7]{[8]}- \hyperref[b8]{[9]}. The SunPower SPR-305-WHT is rated at 5.58 amps at 54.7 volts.\par
The maximum power can, therefore, be extracted from the PV panel, (54. A range of methods for tracking the maximum power point (MPPT) was proposed \hyperref[b9]{[10]}. Among different MPPT algorithms, a detailed study of the P\&O algorithm and its comparison of the advantages, deficiencies, and efficiency has been shown. 
\section[{a) MPPT-Perturb and Observe (P\&O) Method}]{a) MPPT-Perturb and Observe (P\&O) Method}\par
The operating point of the MPPT is not constant, so the algorithm struggles with rapidly changing climatic  conditions that have a serious effect on the efficiency of the algorithms \hyperref[b11]{[12]}. The P\&O algorithm flowchart is shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_10]{16}.?? ???? = ?? ???? × ?? ?? (W) Output Voltage (?? ???? ) ?? ?? (A) ?? ?????? = ?? ???? ×?? ?? (W) ? = ?? ?????? ?? ????\textbf{(}\par
Perturb and Observe (P\&O) method provides perturbation of the PV module or array voltage. This would mean an increase in power or a decrease. If the operating point is to the left of the maximum power point and therefore further voltage perturbation to the right is required to reach the maximum power point \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. Conversely, if the voltage increase leads to a decrease in power, the current operating point is to the right of the maximum power point and further perturbation of the left voltage is necessary to reach the maximum power point. The algorithm thus converges over the various perturbation to the maximum power point.      Table  {\ref 6}. Showing the efficiency of the output power varies when the simulation runs at the same irradiance level without the MPPT controller. For a solar irradiation value of 1000W/m2, the power from a load of 289.6 watts greater than the output value of ?? ???? without a MPPT PV system. Similarly, it shows maximum output with MPPT controller at different irradiation levels. 
\section[{Global}]{Global}\par
V. 
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
This paper presents perturbation and observation method which implemented with the PV module and MPPT controller, which works at rapidly changing irradiation levels, temperature effect and partially shaded solar panel. PV system and Simulation of PV Model analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. In addition, this is important that the efficiency of the algorithm had to be as high as possible, and the MPPT had to have an efficiency of at least (93-95) \%.It has tested and verified that the MPPT controller and the algorithms implemented with it works properly. After implementing MPPT with Boost Converter, the controller can select the maximum power point and efficiency for rapidly changing irradiance levels, temperature effect and partial shading of the solar panels. In addition, result shows that MPPT P\&O method increased and gives at least 95\% efficiency.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{21}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}GFig. 2 :Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{6543}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 6 :Fig. 5 :Fig. 4 :Fig. 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{87120194}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 8 :Fig. 7 : 1 2019 F 4 MPPT}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{141210}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Fig. 14 :Fig. 12 :Fig. 10 :F}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}Fig}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}6 MPPT}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{16}\includegraphics[]{image-12.png}
\caption{\label{fig_10}Fig. 16 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{17}\includegraphics[]{image-13.png}
\caption{\label{fig_11}Fig. 17 :F}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{228}\includegraphics[]{image-14.png}
\caption{\label{fig_12}Fig. 22 : 8 MPPT}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.06820987654320987\textwidth}P{0.6191358024691358\textwidth}P{0.1626543209876543\textwidth}}
S. No.\tabcellsep Name of the Parameter\tabcellsep Values\\
1\tabcellsep Load Resistance (R)\tabcellsep 50 ?\\
2\tabcellsep Inductor(L)\tabcellsep 10 Mh\\
3\tabcellsep Frequency\tabcellsep 10 kHz\\
4\tabcellsep Capacitor (C)\tabcellsep 1000 ?F\\
5\tabcellsep No of Diode\tabcellsep 1\\
6\tabcellsep No of Switch (IGBT)\tabcellsep 1\\
7\tabcellsep Pulse Generator\tabcellsep 1\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.04060509554140128\textwidth}P{0.6929936305732485\textwidth}P{0.1164012738853503\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep 305-WHT)\tabcellsep \\
S. No.\tabcellsep Name of the Parameter\tabcellsep Values\\
1\tabcellsep Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)\tabcellsep 64.2 V\\
2\tabcellsep Short-circuit Current (Isc)\tabcellsep 5.96 A\\
3\tabcellsep PV Panel Max. Power\tabcellsep 305 W\\
\tabcellsep characteristics\tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep Maximum Power Voltage (Vmp)\tabcellsep 54.7 V\\
5\tabcellsep Maximum Power Current (Imp)\tabcellsep 5.58 A\\
6\tabcellsep No of cell per module\tabcellsep 96\\
7\tabcellsep No of series-connected module\tabcellsep 1\\
8\tabcellsep No of parallel string\tabcellsep 1\\
9\tabcellsep Temperature (T)\tabcellsep 25ºC\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.07083333333333333\textwidth}P{0.1958333333333333\textwidth}P{0.22083333333333335\textwidth}P{0.0875\textwidth}P{0.004166666666666667\textwidth}P{0.16666666666666666\textwidth}P{0.008333333333333333\textwidth}P{0.09583333333333333\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{irradiance level}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
???? (W/m 2 )\tabcellsep ?? ???? (V)\tabcellsep ?? ???? (A)\tabcellsep ?? ???? (W)\tabcellsep =\tabcellsep ? ?? ?????? ?? ??????\tabcellsep \%\tabcellsep \%D\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{35.58 0.71}\tabcellsep 25.26\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 8.3\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 47.6\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{114.1 2.28 260.15}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 85.3\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 50.6\\
1000\tabcellsep 118\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2.36 278.48}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 91.3\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 54.8\\
\tabcellsep 119\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2.38 283.22}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 93.8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 56.5\\
\tabcellsep 120\tabcellsep 2.41\tabcellsep 289.6\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 94.9\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 56.9\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}5 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{.4×12=304. 8 watts. So the power loss is nearly 0 watt.} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
