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\title{Evaluation of Obudu Beeswax for Lost-Wax Casting Process}
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             \author[1]{Ochieze Basil  Quent}

             \author[2]{Anyakwo  Charles}

             \author[3]{Ochieze P.  U}

             \author[4]{ndiandeye J.  U}

             \author[5]{Undiandeye I.  A.}

             \affil[1]{  Federal University of Technology Owerri}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2017 Accepted: 3 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Beeswax from Obudu, Nigeria, was evaluated to assess its suitability for the lost-wax casting process. Modulated differential scanning calorimeter showed a melting point of 66.31oC and melting enthalpy165.5J/g. Compression test specimens were subjected to various cooling media in the air, refrigeration (-4oC) and liquid nitrogen (-197oC) to ascertain which condition will provide the best result and most appropriate for processing the wax. Results showed that naturally air-cooled samples had the highest compressive strength of 577.7 kPa and a density of 0.941g/cm3. However, the samples cooled in liquid nitrogen fumes were fast to solidify in 0.5 minutes as compared to 90 minutes for air cooling. These samples were also the easiest to remove from the mold due to very high shrinkage but showed the lowest compression strength of 471.5 kPa. The prototype beeswax ?Q6? pattern adhered tenaciously to the refractory slurry, melted at a low temperature, left no remnant residue upon melting out, maintained dimensional accuracy and good replication of intricate details due to the good compressive strength.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{beeswax modulated differential scanning calorimeter, melting point, compressive strength, and beeswax pattern.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
s defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, beeswax is a commercially useful animal wax secreted by the worker bee to make the cell walls of the honeycomb. The honeycomb is generally discarded as waste in the open field thus polluting the environment. Also, this dump site attracts bees and consequently posing severe health and safety concern to the people. Beeswax are used in various applications which include; candle making (religious ordinances often specify its use for ceremonial church candles), artificial fruit and flowers, modeling wax, manufacture of furniture and floor waxes, leather dressings, waxed paper, lithographic inks, cosmetics, and ointments.\par
There are no known references that deal with the physical and mechanical properties of Obudu beeswax as well as its use for casting activities. The corresponding literature review vindicates this.  {\ref Graig et al., 1967}, studied the use of beeswax in dentistry at the University of Michigan and reported that the strength properties are particularly important when significant expansion takes place in the investment for dental applications.\par
Kissi in 2011, evaluated casting of hollow artifacts produced by Ghanaian traditional metals miths and suggested that the use of molten wax to produce hollow wax patterns in P.O.P molds should be employed to ensure direct duplication of the original object without creating parting lines in the inner walls of the model. \hyperref[b6]{Hossain et al., 2009}, studied the physical and mechanical properties of paraffin and beeswax to simulate the rocking behavior for water jet drilling and concluded that natural beeswax could be a good substitute for reservoir rocks.\par
Giuseppe et al., in 2015 studied the thermal and mechanical properties of halloysite nanotubes (HNT)/beeswax composites at various compositions and stated that a slight loss of beeswax crystallinity occurred upon HNT addition.\par
Zhang et al., 2011, investigated the thermal behavior of four insect waxes and obtaineda melting point of 70.34 o C and melting enthalpy of 168.1J/g for beeswax.\par
In 2000, Dong-Joo et al. studied the effect of mold temperature and cooling rate on mechanical properties of press consolidated thermoplastic composite and the results show that crystallinity decreased with increasing cooling rate with the slow cooled specimen having high fracture toughness.\par
The characteristic properties of Obudu beeswax will be of interest from an academic viewpoint as well as in the industry since these properties are novel. The knowledge of the characteristics of Obudu beeswax is also important since it is locally available and has no known engineering, medical and other applications. Mechanical and thermal properties are therefore imperative for foundry and related applications since the wax is subjected to forces that arose during investment and setting of molds and to temperature changes resulting from curing reactions, especially during the water glass molding process. In situations where shrinkage takes place, as it is always the case during the setting of the investment, a lot of stresses are applied to the wax pattern which they should be able to withstand and maintain dimensional accuracy of the mold and its various intricate regions.\par
This work, therefore, investigated the suitability of Obudu beeswax for lost-wax molding by determining its melting point, compressive strength and mold surface finish. 
\section[{II. Materials and Methods}]{II. Materials and Methods} 
\section[{a) Materials}]{a) Materials}\par
The scrap honeycomb, which contains beeswax, was obtained from beekeepers in Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria. 
\section[{b) Methods}]{b) Methods}\par
i. Rendering This is the removal of foreign materials such as dead bees, dirt, and twigs embedded in the honeycomb. Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1} show the sorted scrap honeycombs which were melted with large quantity of water and then filtering through qualitative filter paper. During melting, the temperature of the water was constantly below 100 o C (boiling point of water). Below the boiling point of water, there was no spillover of the molten beeswax, which is flammable, into the heating source, thereby preventing violent fire outbreak. Water and wax passed through the filter paper, leaving behind some residues. The clean beeswax which solidified as a hard-yellow mass upon cooling floated on top of the water. It was then removed for test sample preparation and pattern making. Figure \hyperref[fig_1]{2} shows rendered beeswax.    \hyperref[fig_3]{4 and 5} show the MDSC 2920 and the experimental parameters respectively. A real-time plot was generated simultaneously. Both the experimental considerations and the real-time plot automatically saved in the system for subsequent recall and analysis. Figure  {\ref 6} shows the thermo gram of the experimental result.   
\section[{iv. Mechanical properties evaluation}]{iv. Mechanical properties evaluation}\par
The compression specimens were prepared by re-melting the rendered beeswax and pouring it into preheated split stainless-steel molds. Figure \hyperref[fig_5]{7} shows the samples cooled in various media; air, liquid nitrogen, and refrigerator. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on the beeswax samples using a retrofitted Ametek EZ 250 tension/compression tester, Figure \hyperref[fig_5]{7}. The dimensions of the specimens were diameter 24.16mm and 60.12mm length. The length-to-diameter ratio was about 2.5. The force applied was at a travel rate of 15mm/minute. Figure \hyperref[fig_6]{8} shows the beeswax samples in the tension/compression strength test machine with digital readout of linear travel and applied force. The compressive strength calculated by dividing the measured peak force value by the cross-sectional area of the sample according to the stress equation: The density of the beeswax was determined by using the relationship between mass which was 25.92 gand volume. The metrological dimensions of the sample, diameter 24.16mm and a length of 60.12mm were measured using Mitutoyo Absolute Digimatic vernier caliper and gave a volume of 27.55cm 3 . A density of 0.941g/cm 3 was derived using the following expression;\par
Table  {\ref 1}: Compressive Strengths at various cooling media From the the rmogram, we can see that the wax was stably liquid from the melting point to 172 o C, after which a decrease in heat flow occurred. This effect is suggestive of some exothermic reaction and possible vaporization of the beeswax. Therefore, all wax must have been lost from the mold before this temperature is reached provided here is an adequate channel for its exit. 
\section[{b) Density measurement}]{b) Density measurement}\par
The experimentally calculated density is 0.941g/cm 3 was close to 0.947 -0.985g/cm 3 obtained by \hyperref[b1]{Charles et al., 1940} and 0.96g/cm 3 by \hyperref[b7]{Khamdaeng et al., 2016}. It notes that properties of beeswax vary by location and method by which the honey was cultured \hyperref[b1]{(Charles et al., 1940)}. The density value which was less than 1g/cm 3 , the density of water, was responsible for the floating of the beeswax on water. 
\section[{c) Compressive strength}]{c) Compressive strength}\par
The compressive strength depends on the rate of cooling. The experiment shows that fast cooling has a negative effect on compressive strength, i.e., the slower the cooling rate, the higher the compressive strength. Thus, the naturally air-cooled samples had the highest value of 577.7kPa, followed by samples cooled in the refrigerator, 541.9kPa and lastly in liquid nitrogen fumes, 471.5kPa. This behavior is in line with the behavior of polymers. Slowly cooled polymer specimen had high fracture toughness than fast cooled ones (Dong-Joo et al., 2000).\par
Natural air-cooling offered the best alternative regarding yielding good compressive strength, reduced cost as no additional facilities were required, especially in safe handling liquid nitrogen. 
\section[{d) Prototype beeswax pattern and mold}]{d) Prototype beeswax pattern and mold}\par
The prototype mold was made by first making a beeswax pattern. Letter Q and number 6 were drawn on cardboard paper and traced on the solid beeswax. They were subsequently carved out with sculptor's scrapper and smoothened. See Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{10}. Refractory slurry made of Plaster of Paris molded on the pattern contained in a metal flask. After setting and curing, the mold was gradually heated to a temperature of 120 o C at a rate of 2 o C/minute for 60 minutes to lose the wax. Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{11} shows the revealing mold cavities. Evaluation of Obudu beeswax for lost-wax casting process was successful.\par
The melting point of 66.31 o C, which is considerably low, lends itself to ease of beeswax use.\par
The long-range liquid phase, from 66.31 to 172 o C, makes it possible to lose all wax from the mold provided there is an adequate channel for its exit.\par
The air-cooled samples had the highest compressive strength of 577.7kPa, which was responsible for achieving the high dimensional accuracy and good replication of intricate details.\par
The prototype sample mold made from beeswax 'Q6' pattern showed excellent surface finish, good replication of intricate details as well as good dimensional accuracy.\begin{figure}[htbp]
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 			\footnote{© 2018 Global JournalsEvaluation of Obudu Beeswax for Lost-Wax Casting Process} 			\footnote{J © 2018 Global JournalsEvaluation of Obudu Beeswax for Lost-Wax Casting Process} 			\footnote{© 2018 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
