# INTRODUCTION owadays throughout the world, we are facing with the lack of petroleum, which is the main source of energy in mobile transportation that enhanced the increment of total carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it can cause the global warming [1]. One of the ways to solve this problem is substitution of petroleum with biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can be used as a complete substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is as biodegradable as sugar, less toxic than salt, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics [2]. Although the fuels produced from biomass release the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, because the plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to grow (photosynthesis), the carbon dioxide formed during combustion is balanced by that absorbed [3]. It can also reduce the emission of CO, SO 2 , hydrocarbons and particulate matter in the exhaust gas compared to petrodiesel, resulting in causing less environmental pollution than petrodiesel. Biodiesel is therefore, a fuel alternative of the conventional, petroleum based diesel engine fuel, and is manufactured from vegetable oil or animal fats by catalytically reacting these with a short-chain aliphatic alcohol (methanol or ethanol), typically using a process called transesterification, or alcoholysis. A catalyst such as sodium or potassium hydroxides or an enzyme, lipase is required. Glycerol is produced as a co-product [2]. In our laboratory, biodiesel as fatty acid methyl ester form has been prepared from different plant oils such as jatropha oil, palm oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil and the waste oils. Here in, preparation of biodiesel from cotton, Gossypium barbadense Linn. and sunflower, Helianthus annuus seeds oil by reacting with methanol using NaOH catalyst and their characterization are presented. # II. MATERIALSAND METHODS About 6 kg of cotton and sunflower seeds oil were purchased from Aung-Lan Township, Magway Division, and Demosoe Township LoikawDistrict Myanmar.The collected cotton seeds oil were firstly subjected to degumming and made for the preparation of biodiesel [7]. # a) Degumming of the GossypiumbarbadenseLinn. andHelianthus annuusseeds oil The collected seeds oil were degummed by two step process. The first step is water degumming and the second is acid degumming step [5]. 100 ml of oil were pre-heated at 70 °C. Simultaneously, 1/3 v/v amount of water were heated at 70 °C and the hot soft water was mixed with the preheated oil by means of an overhead stirred for 1 hr. The temperature was maintained at 70 °C. The hydrated gums were removed from oil by centrifugal method. And then oils were dried by oven drying method to give 95 % and 88 % of water degummed oil from cotton and sunflower seeds oil [3]. The water degummed oil was heated at 85 °C for about 15 min. The hot oil was mixed with 10% (v/v) phosphoric acid with constant stirring for about 1 hr and neutralized with 30% v/v of 0.1 M NaOH solution. Non hydratable phosphatides were separated by centrifugal method. 87% and 80 % of degummed oil from cotton and sunflower seeds oil were obtained [8]. # b) Preparation of biodiesel 0.34% w/v of sodium methoxide solution was prepared in 99% methanol. 100 ml of oil sample were heated in a 250 cm 3 three necked round bottom flask at 100°C, to remove the moisture. After the temperature was allowed to decrease to 55 °C, 25 ml of sodium methoxide (4:1 ratio of oil and sodium methoxide) were added and mixed vigorously with a magnetic stirrer. The temperature was maintained at 55 °C throughout the reaction time for 120 min. This reaction mixture was allowed to stand overnight to provide the better separation of oil and glycerol layers. After removal of the glycerol (lower layer), the upper biodiesel layer was then washed with water to remove alkali and glycerol. The biodiesel was weighed and the yield % was calculated [8]. The procedure was carried out using oil: NaOMe ratios of 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1 v/v under same conditions. # c) Determination of some physicochemical properties of the prepared biodiesel from of Gossypium barbadense Linn. And Helianthus annuusseeds oil The fuel related properties such as flash point, cloud point, pour point, solid point, specific gravity, and dynamic viscosity, and acid value, moisture content of the biodiesel prepared from the crude cotton seed oil and the degummed oil were determined according to conventional AOCS methods [10]. # d) Characterization of prepared biodiesel from Gossypium barbadense Linn. and Helianthus annuusseeds oil The characterization of the prepared biodiesel from the Gossypiumbarbadense Linn. and Helianthus annuuswere also studied by FT-IR spectroscopy and Gas chromatography. The FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu FT-IR 8900 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer at Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay. The fatty acid components of the oil samples were analyzed by using Shimadzu Model Autosystem XL Gas Chromatography at the Post-Harvest Technology Application Department, Hlegue Township, Yangon Division. # III. # RESULTSAND DISCUSSION The two crude seeds oil were found in reddish brown colour and if the gum is present in the oil, it can disturb the engine nozzle and can destroy the piston of diesel engine. Therefore it is necessary to remove the gum before transesterification. The degumming process involved two steps: water degumming step to remove hydratable phosphatides and acid degumming step to remove non hydrated phosphatides. After removal of the gum, (87, 80) % of the degummed oil were obtained by acid degumming method. The biodiesel as a fatty acid methyl ester were prepared using 0.34 % (w/v) sodium methoxide solution in 4:1 volume ratio of oil and methanol at 55 °C for 2 hrs reaction time to yield (82, 75)% of biodiesel from crude cotton seed oil and sunflower seed oil. While the amounts of NaOMe solution were reduced to 5:1, 6:1 and 7:1 ratios (oil: methoxide volume ratio), the yields of biodiesel were decreased to 70%, 65% and 60%, respectively, and formation of more soaps occurred. In addition, the yield of biodiesel (78,72) % using degummed oil in oil: methoxide volume ratio 4:1 were observed not different from the yield of biodiesel using crude cotton and sunflower seeds oil under same conditions. Consequently, it can be inferred that the biodiesel could be prepared from the crude cotton seed oil without refining via degumming process, on the basis of the yield of biodiesel. The characterization of prepared biodiesel such as acid value, cloud point, flash point, moisture content, pour point, solid point, specific gravity and viscosity were mentioned. The resulting data are summarized in Table 1 and 2 and their fuel properties were also compared with the ASTM data of biodiesel. It was found that the physicochemical properties of the prepared biodiesels from crude cotton and sunflower seeds oil and their degummed oil were similar. The prepared biodiesel were found to contain lower acid value (0.1 and 0.35) mg KOH / g than standard data (0.5 mg KOH / g). Since the flash point of prepared biodiesel (80 and 75) °C were significantly lower than ASTM standard (<110 °C), the quality of the prepared biodiesel is good due to high tendency of vaporuization. In addition, cloud point (0 °C), pour point (-4 and -3)°C and solid point (-10 and -12) °C of the prepared biodiesel were also observed to be lower than the ASTM standard data indicating the lesser amount of wax present in biodiesel and they could be used even in the cold season. The prepared biodiesel also showed very low viscosity (55.1and 65.3) cP at room temperature compared to ASTM standard data (67 and 73 cP) at 40 °C indicating the good ability of complete burning of biodiesel. It also has the lower specific gravity (0.879, 0.778) than ASTM standard data (0.9186and 0.8891) [4]. The FT-IR spectroscopic study on the prepared biodiesel from two collected seeds sample oil indicated the presence of ester group and aliphatic groups due to the sharp absorption bands appearing at (1747 and 1768) cm ?1 for C=C stretching vibration at (1654,1660)cm ?1 and (2908, 2918) cm ?1 for C-H asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH 3 and CH 2 groups and C=O stretching for ester group occurred at (1739,1747) cm ?1 . In addition, since there occurred no O-H broad absorption band, the biodiesel may not contain the free fatty acid [6]. The types of fatty acid components of prepared biodiesel from cotton seed oil was also studied by GC chromatography. It showed that the prepared biodiesel may be the methyl esters of linoleic acid (C 18 H 32 O 2 ), Global Journal of Researches in Engineering palmatic acid (C 16 H 32 O 2 ) and oleic acid (C 18 H 34 O 2 ). 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All figures and tables must be divided from the text. 1![Figure 1: FT-IR spectrum of biodiesel from Gossypiumbarbadense Linn.seed oil](image-2.png "Figure 1 :") 2![Figure 2: FT-IR spectrum of biodiesel from Helianthus annuusseed oil](image-3.png "Figure 2 :") 3![Figure 3: Gas chromatogram of biodiesel from Gossypium barbadense Linn. seed oil in n-hexane and methanol solvents](image-4.png "Figure 3 :") ![Dr. John E. Hall, Ph.D., FARSE or William Walldroff, M.S., FARSE. version of journal of your stream time to © Copyright by Global Journals | Guidelines Handbook I](image-5.png "") ![accorded to a selected professional after the approval of the Editor-in-Chief / Editorial Board Members/Dean. The is a dignified ornament which is accorded to a person's name viz. Dr. John E. Hall, Ph.D., "MARSE" MARSE or William Walldroff, M.S., MARSE. MARSE accrediting is an honor. It authenticates your research activities. After becoming MARSE, you can add 'MARSE' title with your name as you use this recognition as additional suffix to your status. This will definitely enhance and add more value and repute to your name. You may use it on your professional Counseling Materials such as CV, Resume, Visiting Card and Name Plate etc.The following benefitscan be availed by you only for next three years from the date of certification.MARSE designated members are entitled to avail a 25% discount while publishing their research papers (of a single author) in Global Journals Inc., if the same is accepted by our Editorial Board and Peer Reviewers. If you are a main author or co-author of a group of authors, you will get discount of 10%.](image-6.png "") ![Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS) By-laws states that an individual Fellow may use the designations as applicable, or the corresponding initials. The Credentials of individual Fellow and Associate designations signify that the individual has gained knowledge of the fundamental concepts. One is magnanimous and proficient in an expertise course covering the professional code of conduct, and follows recognized standards of practice. Open Association of Research Society (US)/ Global Journals Incorporation (USA), as described in Corporate Statements, are educational, research publishing and professional membership organizations. Achieving our individual Fellow or Associate status is based mainly on meeting stated educational research requirements.](image-7.png "") 1 2Properties of the Prepared Biodiesels from Helianthus annuusand its ASTM Standard Data Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) Volume XVIII Issue I Version I 21 Year 2018 C © 2018 Global Journals Characterization of Biodiesel From Gossypium barbadense linn. and helianthus Annuus Seeds Oil 5. 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Choice of the main keywords is the first tool of writing a research paper. Research paper writing is an art. Keyword search should be as strategic as possible. One should start brainstorming lists of potential keywords before even beginning searching. Think about the most important concepts related to research work. Ask, "What words would a source have to include to be truly valuable in a research paper?" Then consider synonyms for the important words. It may take the discovery of only one important paper to steer in the right keyword direction because, in most databases, the keywords under which a research paper is abstracted are listed with the paper. ## Numerical Methods Numerical methods used should be transparent and, where appropriate, supported by references. ## Abbreviations Authors must list all the abbreviations used in the paper at the end of the paper or in a separate table before using them. ## Formulas and equations Authors are advised to submit any mathematical equation using either MathJax, KaTeX, or LaTeX, or in a very high-quality image. ## Tables, Figures, and Figure Legends Tables: Tables should be cautiously designed, uncrowned, and include only essential data. Each must have an Arabic number, e.g., Table 4, a self-explanatory caption, and be on a separate sheet. Authors must submit tables in an editable format and not as images. References to these tables (if any) must be mentioned accurately. ## Discussion: The discussion is expected to be the trickiest segment to write. A lot of papers submitted to the journal are discarded based on problems with the discussion. There is no rule for how long an argument should be. Position your understanding of the outcome visibly to lead the reviewer through your conclusions, and then finish the paper with a summing up of the implications of the study. The purpose here is to offer an understanding of your results and support all of your conclusions, using facts from your research and generally accepted information, if suitable. The implication of results should be fully described. Infer your data in the conversation in suitable depth. This means that when you clarify an observable fact, you must explain mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your results vary from your prospect, make clear why that may have happened. If your results agree, then explain the theory that the proof supported. It is never suitable to just state that the data approved the prospect, and let it drop at that. Make a decision as to whether each premise is supported or discarded or if you cannot make a conclusion with assurance. Do not just dismiss a study or part of a study as "uncertain." o You may propose future guidelines, such as how an experiment might be personalized to accomplish a new idea. o Give details of all of your remarks as much as possible, focusing on mechanisms. o Make a decision as to whether the tentative design sufficiently addressed the theory and whether or not it was correctly restricted. * JVGerpen Country Commissions Colorado, USA, 2004, 2. V., Hofman 2003 Renewable Energy Laboratory ; North Dakota State University and Department of Agriculture, U.S.A Biodiesel Fuel * Biodiesel Production MAHanna Bioresources Technology 70 1999 * American Standard for Testing Methods AS T M Optimization and Maintenance, IUPAC-AOCS Workshop on Fats, Oils and Oil Seeds Analysis and Production .ALogan 1120, 1298, and 1500. 1988. 2002 130 D 93, 95 * Principle and Application of Organic Spectroscopy JMohan 2000 Narosa Publishing House New Delhi * Diesel Fuel Derived From Vegetable Oil MMittelbach BioresourceTechnology 56 1996 * Experimental Performing Analysis of Biodiesel, Traditional Diesel and Biodiesel with Glycerine MOzkan TErgenc ODeniz Turkish Journal of Engineering Environmental Science 29 2005 * Diesel and Its Properties, Department of Chemical Engineering PDVaal AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis 10 2003. 1990 University of Pretoria, South Africa th Ed * Authors must go through the complete author guideline and understand and agree to Global Journals' ethics and code of conduct, along with author responsibilities Global Journal of Researches in Engineering 1 * Authors must accept the privacy policy, terms, and conditions of Global Journals * Ensure corresponding author's email address and postal address are accurate and reachable * Manuscript to be submitted must include keywords, an abstract, a paper title, co-author(s') names and details (email address, name, phone number, and institution), figures and illustrations in vector format including appropriate captions, tables including titles and footnotes, a conclusion, results, acknowledgments and references * Authors should submit paper in a ZIP archive if any supplementary files are required along with the paper * Manuscript submitted must not have been submitted or published elsewhere and all authors must be aware of the submission