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\title{An Innovative Zero-Emission Energy Model for a Coastal Village in Southern Myanmar}
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             \author[1]{Prof. Aung Ze  Ya}

             \author[2]{Prof. Aung Ze  Ya}

             \affil[1]{  Yangon Technological University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2017 Accepted: 4 January 2018 Published: 15 January 2018}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Myanmar boosts the Renewables harvesting with On-Grid and Off-Grid options to implement 2030 Agenda. Reversing the degradation of the Coastal Eco-System is also the prioritized Agenda. The research and deployment of Photovoltaic (PV), Wind, and Hybrid Mini-Grids are at the initial state. This work imagined for supporting these. Thus, a village Lel Hpet, located in Palaw Township, Tanintharyi Region chose due to its blessings of PV and Wind resources. The villagers currently use the Diesel Generators for the industrial loads and the fuelwood for the cooking. These cause the negative impacts. Hence, Zero-Emission Energy Model analyzed. The total demand separated into Primary Load and Deferrable Load. The simulation innovated with four Models on the excellent platform for Energy Planning, HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) Pro (version 3.11.4). Then, the Best Model is selected. Its simulative results proved Wind is more feasible than PV on the Tanintharyi Coast, PV and Wind can compensate each other during their less generation months, and the larger Off-Grid Mini-gird is more cost-effective. The savings of the Diesel fuel usage and its costs, and the reduction of GHG (greenhouse gas) Emissions predicted. The proposed Climate-friendly, standalone PV-Wind-Battery Hybrid Mini-Grid can improves the Green penetration in Southern Myanmar.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{southern Myanmar, Tanintharyi coast, village lel hpet, HOMER Pro, zero-emission energy model, simulation, standalone PV-wind-battery hybrid mini-grid.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
yanmar, 40 th largest nation in the world, geographically located between 9º 32' and 28º 31' N latitude; and 92º 10' and 101º 11' E. It situated as the strategic link of South Asia and South East Asia. It covers a land area of over 676,577 square kilometers and stretches over 2280 kilometers  {\ref [3]}. 
\section[{a) Myanmar's Three Coasts}]{a) Myanmar's Three Coasts}\par
Myanmar is very susceptible to extreme weather risks, landslides, sea-level rise related to air-current, and predicted future climate change. Coastal erosion and flooding are further risks which are predicted to grow. Tropical storms, occasional cyclones suffer regularly. The coastline is nearly 3000 km, extending about 1900 km from 10° to 21° North of the Equator, and 93° to 97° East of Greenwich \hyperref[b1]{[4]}.\par
Author: PhD, Post Doc, Honorary Professor and Honorary Doctor of Science, Professor of Department of Electrical Power Engineering, and Director of Department of Maintenance Engineering, Yangon Technological University (YTU), Myanmar. e-mails: profazyytumm10@gmail.com, dr.aungzeya010@gmail.com  Unsustainable development can exacerbate the rural poverty in the coastal areas, and cause to leave the native villagers and weaken the majority of the population. Consequently, the rural population is behind the urban populations grow and prosper. Rural poverty remains the problem, and in the context of rising sea levels, and increasingly unstable weather. Coastal resilience is an issue of ever growing importance \hyperref[b1]{[4]}.  
\section[{b) Standalone Mini-Grids in Myanmar}]{b) Standalone Mini-Grids in Myanmar}\par
National Electrification Planning (NEP) of Myanmar Agenda 2030 aimed to electrify 7.2 million households, and achieve universal access to electricity by 2030. In the long term, the least cost extension of the National Grid System (NGS) included. For preelectrification, the standalone Mini-Grids and Solar Home Systems (SHS) are the options for the rural areas far from that National Grid will take many years to reach \hyperref[b6]{[13]}. The criteria to implement the standalone Mini-Grid are the village can't electrify by the NGS in the next five to ten years, its location is at least 10 kilometers from the NGS, the sufficient demand for Mini-Grid scale, and the number of households should be 150 to 200 with the concentrated group. Large villages with high demands are preferable as a high possibility of the stronger revenue streams to achieve Sustainable Mini-Grids \hyperref[b2]{[9]}. 
\section[{c) Motivation}]{c) Motivation}\par
The motivation of this work is to energize the village with the Innovative Hybrid System to conserve the Coastal Eco-System. Also, it targeted to promote the Rural Electrification rate by improving the Green Growth. 
\section[{d) e) Identification of the Problems}]{d) e) Identification of the Problems}\par
The inhabitants are commonly using the small Diesel Generators for the water pumping and the industrial loads. All the houses apply the Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) for the lightings and the fuelwood for the cookings.  The hierarchical methodology is comprehensive process that involved the seven steps depicted as the pyramid in Fig. \hyperref[fig_3]{2}. The site survey is the fountain and essential work to know the real ground situation. The problems of the existing Energy access identified. Then, the appropriate Energies selected due to the potentials of the site and the priorities of the country. As the third step, the relevant technology and components chose. The load profiles predicted. The input parameters To solve above problems, the Standalone PVWind-Battery Hybrid Mini-Grid modeled in HOMER Pro.  
\section[{Global}]{Global} 
\section[{b) Selection and Inputs of the Resources}]{b) Selection and Inputs of the Resources}\par
Due to the geographical location, Myanmar has a rich Solar potential, and 60\% of the land area appears suitable for PV deployments \hyperref[b3]{[10]}. Fig. 4 \hyperref[b4]{[11]} illustrates GHI (Global Horizon Irradiation) of Myanmar. From it, it is clear that the project location has the potential of Solar PV Energy. There are a few months (June, July, and August), which cannot favor for the PV generation. Hence, PV Energy is firstly selected to harvest.  The strong winds can damage not only PV modules but also the construction components. However, the positive impacts can cause the low and medium speed winds. These winds create the cooling effects on PV modules and increase the power generation \hyperref[b4]{[11]}. Hence, the Wind potential showed in Fig. \hyperref[fig_7]{6} is not high, but, it can be beneficial for PV system. In June, July, and August, Wind has the high potentials. Thus, Wind System can compensate the less generation of PV System in these months. This point is the advantage of PV-Wind Hybrid System. The Eco-friendly and the Energy Efficient loads are considered. To apply the effective simulationfeatures of HOMER Pro, the total demand divided into two main types, Primary Load (PL) and Deferrable Load (DL) as depicted in Fig. \hyperref[fig_8]{7}. PL is sub-divided into two types. PL1 (small) includes the LED lamps, flat TVs, and other small loads. PL2 (large) consists of the kitchen loads (the ricecookers, the cooking pots), the cooling loads (the fans, the air-coolers, and the water-coolers) and the small industrial loads listed in Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1}. DL composed of two categories. DL1 (small) contains the mobile chargers, the power banks, and the rechargeable LEDs. DL2 (large) involves the fifteen 1.5 kW water pumping loads. Based on the collected data from a site visit in January 2018, the load profiles predicted for a one Pagoda, a one Monastery, 250 households (HH), and the school, the street lightings, the water pumping loads, and the small industrial loads. The households (HH) are classified as the three groups depending on the demands. The low and high demand groups have 25 and 50 households. The medium demand group has 175 households.  All demands (PL1, PL2 and DL) connected in the M3 and M4. PL1 is 108.6 kWh per day and 37.34 kW peak. PL2 is 336.14 kWh per day and 59.28 kW peak. Deferrable Load is 43 kWh per day and 28.75 kW peak.\par
Globally, the largest amount of GHG is significantly emitted from the fossil fuels utilizations for Electricity Generations \hyperref[b8]{[23]}. Hence, the notable point is Diesel Mini-Grid (M4) modeled with the same demands as M3 to determine the specific amount of GHG Emissions, also, the fuel usage and the fuel cost from it.   
\section[{f) Inputs of Main Components}]{f) Inputs of Main Components}\par
The parameters of the main components of the standalone PV Mini-grid modeled in HOMER Pro.   
\section[{RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS}]{RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS}\par
The thousands of Techno-Economic designs simulated for the four Models in HOMER Pro. Then, the optimum designs calculated with the Tabular results of two: the upper portion is the Sensitivity Cases and the lower portion is the Optimization Results as reflected in Figs. 19 to 22. The displayed results are listed for the models from the top to bottom of the optimistic to the least cost-effective options \hyperref[b9]{[24]}. M1 to M3 connected with the different demands. Hence, the different capacities of the Architecture, the costs, system and other respective results predicted. The outcomes of M4 (the same demands as M3 with the different type of generation) reflected its consequent negative impacts.   The main results of four models mentioned in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{4}. M3 can supply all demands with the lowest cost of energy (COE) among three Models of PV-Wind-Battery Hybrid. Also, it observed that COE of M3 and M4 are not much differed. Fig. \hyperref[fig_3]{23} mentioned the evident Emissions, the six pollutants from M4. There are no Diesel fuel consumptions, Diesel fuel costs, and no impacts (zero GHG Emission) by M3. Thus, M3 is selected as the proposed system of this research. Figs. \hyperref[b9]{24} to 33 revealed the graphical results of M3.   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig. 1}\end{figure}
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\caption{\label{fig_2}F}\end{figure}
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\caption{\label{fig_9}Fig. 8 :Fig. 9 :Fig. 10 :F}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{111213}\includegraphics[]{image-12.png}
\caption{\label{fig_10}Fig. 11 :Fig. 12 :Fig. 13 :F}\end{figure}
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 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2526}\includegraphics[]{image-19.png}
\caption{\label{fig_17}Fig. 25 :Fig. 26 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{30}\includegraphics[]{image-20.png}
\caption{\label{fig_18}Fig. 30 :FF}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-21.png}
\caption{\label{figure21}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.14358108108108109\textwidth}P{0.4228462837837838\textwidth}P{0.28357263513513514\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{validated as the fifth step. The principal work is}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{the Techno-Economic Optimizations of different}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{models performed in the well-proven tool, HOMER}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Pro (version 3.11.5). The final step is the selection}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{of the Best Model.}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep The identified problems are:\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{1) Contribution to the Global Warming due to the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep GHG Emissions from the burning of the Diesel\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep fuels and the fuelwood [15-18],\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{2) Deforestation and Climate Change from the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep application of the fuelwood for the cooking,\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3) Degradation of the bio-diverse eco-systems in}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep the Coastal Region,\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{4) Health problems from the burning of the Diesel}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep fuels and the fuelwood [20-22],\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{5) Easy to be fire hazards from the applications of}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep the Diesel Generators and the firewood,\\
Hierarchical Methodology\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{6) Insufficient and the limited supply from the}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep existing SHS and the Diesel Generators, and\\
Selection of the Best Model\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{7) Environmental (Negative) impacts from the usages of the Fluorescent Lamps [19-21].}\\
Simulation in\tabcellsep II.\tabcellsep ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY (STANDALONE\\
HOMER Pro\tabcellsep \tabcellsep PV-WIND-BATTERY HYBRID) MODEL IN\\
Validation of\tabcellsep \tabcellsep HOMER PRO\\
Input Parameters\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Selection of Technology and\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Component\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Evaluations of Load Profiles\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Selection of Renewables\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Site Survey\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Fig. 3: Project Location (Village Lel Hpet)\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: a)]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Project Location in Tanintharyi Coast Fig. 3 mentions the project location in the map- box of HOMER Pro. The village Lel Hpet in Tanintharyi Coast placed according to its geographical coordinates}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1275\textwidth}P{0.459\textwidth}P{0.17\textwidth}P{0.0935\textwidth}}
Load Type\tabcellsep Description\tabcellsep Power\tabcellsep Amount\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (kW)\tabcellsep \\
PL2\tabcellsep Carpentry Workshop\tabcellsep 1000\tabcellsep 8\\
\tabcellsep Cold Storage\tabcellsep 140\tabcellsep 20\\
DL2\tabcellsep Water Pumping\tabcellsep 1500\tabcellsep 15\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10408163265306122\textwidth}P{0.2602040816326531\textwidth}P{0.16190476190476188\textwidth}P{0.32380952380952377\textwidth}}
Group\tabcellsep Primary Load 1\tabcellsep Primary\tabcellsep Small Deferrable\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Load 2\tabcellsep Loads\\
\tabcellsep (kilowatt, kW)\tabcellsep (kW)\tabcellsep (kilowatt hour,\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep kWh)\\
Low\tabcellsep 1.320\tabcellsep 22.5\tabcellsep 1.305\\
Medium\tabcellsep 13.833\tabcellsep 192.5\tabcellsep 13.020\\
High\tabcellsep 11.600\tabcellsep 60\tabcellsep 4.350\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.022410546139359697\textwidth}P{0.1248587570621469\textwidth}P{0.14726930320150658\textwidth}P{0.15847457627118644\textwidth}P{0.0576271186440678\textwidth}P{0.0672316384180791\textwidth}P{0.06563088512241054\textwidth}P{0.0672316384180791\textwidth}P{0.04642184557438795\textwidth}P{0.044821092278719395\textwidth}P{0.0480225988700565\textwidth}}
Mo-\tabcellsep Design\tabcellsep Capacity\tabcellsep Annual\tabcellsep Cost\tabcellsep Net\tabcellsep Operating\tabcellsep Initial\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Diesel Fuel\tabcellsep \\
del\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Production/\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep Present\tabcellsep Cost\tabcellsep Capital\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Throughput\tabcellsep Energy\tabcellsep Cost\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep (kWh/yr)\tabcellsep (\$)\tabcellsep (\$)\tabcellsep (\$/ yr)\tabcellsep (\$)\tabcellsep (L/yr)\tabcellsep (\$/L)\tabcellsep (\$/yr)\\
M1\tabcellsep PV\tabcellsep 29.4 kW\tabcellsep 43504\tabcellsep 0.597\tabcellsep 479476\tabcellsep 13990\tabcellsep 262097\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
\tabcellsep Wind\tabcellsep 60 kW\tabcellsep 122876\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Battery\tabcellsep 144 kWh\tabcellsep 19037\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Converter\tabcellsep 28.8 kW\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
M2\tabcellsep PV\tabcellsep 84.8 kW\tabcellsep 125593\tabcellsep 0.388\tabcellsep 909898\tabcellsep 29893\tabcellsep 448220\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
\tabcellsep Wind\tabcellsep 140 kW\tabcellsep 286711\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Battery\tabcellsep 270 kWh\tabcellsep 38361\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Converter\tabcellsep 55.7 kW\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
M3\tabcellsep PV\tabcellsep 87.1 kW\tabcellsep 129044\tabcellsep 0.352\tabcellsep 902973\tabcellsep 29267\tabcellsep 448223\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep -\\
\tabcellsep Wind\tabcellsep 160 kW\tabcellsep 327670\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Battery\tabcellsep 243 kWh\tabcellsep 34360\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Converter\tabcellsep 54.3 kW\tabcellsep -\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
M4\tabcellsep DG1\tabcellsep 50\tabcellsep 137742\tabcellsep 0.351\tabcellsep 970515\tabcellsep 53937\tabcellsep 132429\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{45057 0.62}\tabcellsep 27935\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.72\tabcellsep 32441\\
\tabcellsep DG2\tabcellsep 25\tabcellsep 45975\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{16867 0.62}\tabcellsep 10457\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 0.72\tabcellsep 12144\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 		 		\backmatter   			 
\subsection[{Acknowledgements}]{Acknowledgements}\par
The author expresses his deepest sense of gratitude to his beloved father, U Sein Hla (Ret. Executive Electrical Engineer, National Literatures Awarded Author, and the member of Central Executive Committee of Myanmar Writers Association), and his beloved mother, Daw Htway Lay for their infinite kindness and the greatest encouragements. 			  			 \par
The author is very much obliged to SayarGyi Prof. Dr. U Nyi Hla Nge (Ret. Deputy Minister of Ministry of Science and Technology, Chairman of Steering Committee for Centre of Excellence Technological Universities, and Vice Chairman of National Education Policy Commission) for his great leadership and guidance. Also, the author is deeply indebted to Prof. Dr. Myint Thein, the Rector of Yangon Technological University for his kind permission.\par
The author has great pleasure in acknowledging the sincere gratitude to Dr. Peter Lilienthal (CEO and Founder of HOMER Energy, USA) for his kind supports.\par
The author offers special thanks to JICA EEHE (Japan International Cooperation Agency, Enhancement of Engineering Higher Education) Project at Yangon Technological University in Myanmar for funding the author charge.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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