\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Gravity Separation and Leaching Beneficiation Study on Azara Nassarawa Barite Mineral Ore},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2017-01-15 (revised: 15 January 2017)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2017-01-15}
\title{Gravity Separation and Leaching Beneficiation Study on Azara Nassarawa Barite Mineral Ore}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{N.S.  Nzeh}

             \author[2]{S. B.  Hassan}

             \affil[1]{  University of Lagos}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2016 Accepted: 4 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The comparative study for the recovery of Azara barite mineral ore found in Nassarawa State, Nigeria using jigging and tabling gravity separations and leaching (with HCl and H2SO4 Acids) processes of concentrates was investigated. The microstructural, chemical composition and physical properties of the as-mined sample of Azara barite mineral ore were analysed. The sample was then concentrated using the gravity separation and leaching processes. The microstructural and chemical composition analyses of the products of concentration were carried out to establish the effectiveness and efficiency of the methods for the recovery of Azara barite mineral ore. Xray Diffraction (XRD), Xray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) tests; were used to carry out the morphology and chemical analysis of the Azara barite ore. From the results, the Azara barite ore contains approximately 36.2% barium (Ba) based on XRF and 50.5% barium (Ba) based on EDS tests with a specific gravity of 3.85. A random sieve size of -355+250?m was selected for jigging and tabling of the Azara barite ore. The EDS result of the products of jiggling and tabling shows that jigging had a recovery of 69.8% Barium with an average specific gravity of 4.28 while tabling had a recovery of 69.5% Barium with an average specific gravity of 4.18. Leaching of the barite ore was done using 0.5 and 1.0 molar concentration solution of HCl and H2SO4. The results of the leaching process show that the super concentrates have average specific gravities of between 2.36 to 4.46 for different temperatures and molar concentrations of HCl and H2SO4. The best specific gravities obtained are 4.29, 4.39 and 4.46 at 30 minutes with 0.5 and 1.0 molar concentration of HCl and H2SO4 respectively. Therefore, the results of this research work have established that the Azara barite ore found in Nassarawa state, Nigeria is suitable for oil and gas applications.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{INTRODUCTION}]{INTRODUCTION}\par
arite or Baryte is a non-metallic mineral with an incredible specific gravity and it consists of barium sulphate (BaSO 4 ) which belongs to the variety of caulk rock. The barite group consists of barite, celestine, anglesite and anhydrite. Barite is generally white or colourless, and is the main source (the primaryore) of barium metal. Barite and celestine form a solid solution (Ba.Sr) SO 4 . The radiating form, sometimes referred to as Bologna Stone, attained some notoriety resources. The domestic mining industry is underdeveloped, leading to Nigeria having to import minerals that it could produce domestically, such as salt or iron ore. Rights to ownership of mineral resources is held by the Nigerian government, which grants titles to organizations to explore, mine, and sell mineral resources. About 34 minerals deposits have been identified in Nigeria and one of such is barite ore. Barite has many applications; the most significant of it is its usage by the oil companies when drilling for crude oil or petroleum. Other importance of barites is highlighted below: ? Barite is used in the manufacturing of drilling mud without which petroleum prospecting will be impossible. In fact, the demand for Barite by the oil companies is more than the demand for water by human beings but the supply is very low because only a very few individuals are aware of this business opportunity. ? Barite is used by chemical industries in the manufacturing of Barium compounds such as chloride, nitrate, carbonate and hydrate. ? Barite is used as drilling fluids in oil and petroleum industries and in paper and plastics productions. ? It is used by metallurgical industries for brass melting, textiles industries as weighting materials and used in manufacturing glass, paints etc. The demand for barite by the oil and gas industries is practically more than the demand for water by humans. Despite intense extraction of barite ore in Azara, Nassarawa state over the years; production has remained low. The need for the most efficient method of processing the barite mineral, to boost the local supply due to its enormous applications is the reason for this study since there is steady and increasing demand for the product because of the numerous industrial uses of barite ore. This will facilitate a better exploitation of the resources which will in the long run sustain its enormous application towards the satisfaction of local content. This will go a long way to promote the development of the area in the form of revenue generation, provision of superstructure and infrastructural development. The quality of the Nigerian Barites is moderate to high. It is often associated with fluorite, calcite, dolomite, quartz, etc. The major impurities are quartz, iron oxide (goethite), and carbonates of iron, calcium and magnesium. These impurities tend to increase the ore volume, suppress and reduce the specific gravity of the unprocessed barites to about 2.0 -4.0. The cost of processing is increased and the oil mills wear out rapidly. The goethite and silica impurities can be removed by magnetic and gravity separation. Once processed the specific gravity of the Nigerian barite increases and meets the 4.2 -4.5 specified value \hyperref[b4]{(5)}. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Experimental}]{Experimental}\par
The gravity separation of the sample of Azara barite was carried out using Jigging and Shaking Table  {\ref processes} with Jigs and Shake tables respectively. The barite was initially crushed and ground, sieved to a particle size of -355+250µm and subjected to Jigging and Tabling respectively. After the separation processes, jigging had Underflows (Concentrates) and Overflows (Tailings) while tabling yielded Concentrates, Middlings and Tailings. All the samples were simultaneously placed in a Gen Lab Drying Oven with a temperature of about 120 o C and left for an average time of 2 hours to dry. Apparent density / specific gravity (after gravity separation) were got for all the samples: concentrates, middlings and tailings; which were compared with the required standard. The microstructure and elemental / chemical composition analysis was carried out on the concentrate samples to check for the composition of the barite and any possible impurity that may still be present in the concentrates after the gravity separation processes using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) tests.\par
New set of samples (6 samples at 10g each) were measured out from both gravity separation concentrates (Jigging and Tabling) and subjected to Leaching processes / methods to achieve super concentrates (a total of 12 samples).\par
40g of both Sodium Carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) and Potassium Carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) were weighed and half the quantity arranged in a crucible forming a 6mm deep layer. 10g of the Barite sample (BaSO 4 ) was also weighed and poured into the crucible; the other half of the above was placed also in the crucible, on top of the barite and stirred. The mixture in the crucible was covered and crucible placed in a furnace raised to 950 o C, which is about 60\% of the melting point temperature of barium metal; until fusing was achieved (varying fuse time). The crucible was allowed to cool after taken out of the furnace; it was rotated during cooling so that the fused mass solidifies into a thin layer.\par
The fused mass was leached out with about 250ml of hot distilled water with crucible placed into a 500ml glass beaker with thorough stirring. It was filtered through a whatman '41' filter paper and residue washed several times (about 10 to 12 times) by decantation with hot distilled water; The sample was washed on the filter paper to remove the sulphates.\par
50ml of dilute Hydrogen Chloride acid, HCl (of a particular molar concentration) and about 250 ml of hot distilled water were used to dissolve the residue from the filter paper respectively, catching the solution in a 500ml glass beaker. 10g of Ammonium Chloride (NH 4 Cl) was added into the solution. The solution was neutralized with a quantity of Ammonium hydroxide solution (NH 4 OH) using methyl red as an indicator. The solution was boiled for about 5 minutes and filtered through the filter paper. The residue was dissolved with hot distilled water for about 5 to 6 minutes and filtered through the filter paper. Again, the residue was washed 4 to 5 times with hot distilled water by decantation. It was taken into a 500ml glass beaker and few drops of methyl red were used as an indicator. The solution was neutralized with 50ml of dilute Hydrogen Chloride acid, HCl (of the same molar concentration) and 250ml of hot distilled water was added.\par
It was boiled for about 10 minutes and 50ml of hot ammonium sulphate solution ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) was dropped with constant stirring to prevent coprecipitation of calcium and magnesium particles. The solution was again boiled for about 5 minutes and the conical flask was brought down from the hot plate and allowed to cool / rest over night to precipitate. It was filtered the next morning with the filter paper and rinsed with 50ml of dilute Tetraoxosulphate VI acid, H 2 SO 4 (of the same molar concentration of the HCl) and then washed several times with hot distilled water by decantation; scrubbing off the precipitate until the solution was free from chlorides. The sample was then transferred to a plate and ignited in an oven to dry at an average temperature of about 120 o C. It was then brought out of the oven, allowed to cool, weighed and packaged.\par
These processes were carried out for 0.5 and 1.0 molar concentrations of HCl and H 2 SO 4 acids with different fusing time (furnace hold time) variations of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes, on both gravity separation concentrates (Jigging and Tabling); bringing up a total summation of 12 test samples. Finally, the results of the different samples were analysed as their apparent density / final specific gravity (after the leaching process) were compared. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results and Discussion}]{Results and Discussion}\par
The XRD pattern in Fig 1  {\ref confirms} the Barite (BaSO 4 ) phase pattern in line with literature and therefore indicates that the Azara barite ore can be used industrially, especially in the oil and gas sections. the barite ore deposit in Azara LGA of Nassarawa State, Nigeria (see  {\ref Fig 2)}. 
\section[{Fig 3 represents the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) peak intensities of elemental composition of the as-mined,}]{Fig 3 represents the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) peak intensities of elemental composition of the as-mined,}\par
showing the different peaks with barium element (metal) at the highest peak which gave the distribution of elements and their compositions, thus: 50.5\% Barium, 12.6\% Sulphur, 22.7\% Oxygen, 5.0\% Gold, 2.4\% Molybdenum, 2.3\% Lead, 1.6\% Tungsten, 0.7\% Sodium, 0.6\% Zinc, 0.4\% Niobium, 0.3\% Copper and Silicon respectively, 0.2\% Aluminium, Potassium and Rubidium respectively, amidst others; which confirms the XRF results of the asmined Azara barite ore.\par
Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1} shows the result of gravity separation concentrates using jigging operation. -350 + 250µm particle size of the feed material was used for the jigging operation. 76\% of the feed was recovered as underflow (concentrates) and 8.4\% of the feed was recovered as overflow (tailings) with 15.6\% loss during the jigging operation process.\par
Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} shows the result of gravity separation concentrates using tabling operation. -350 + 250µm particle size of the feed material was used for the tabling method. 52.3\% of the feed was recovered as concentrates, 40.3\% as middlings, and 0.3 as tailings with 7.0\% loss during the tabling operation process.    {\ref A}.5 (Appendix A) respectively represents the specific gravities of the super concentrates samples of A to L, where Samples A, B, C and D fused by heating for 30 minutes in the furnace have higher specific gravities as compared to samples E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L heated for 60 minutes and 90 minutes respectively. It was noticed that Samples B and D leached with 1.0 Molar Concentration of HCl and H 2 SO 4 have higher specific gravities as compared to samples A and C leached with 0.5 Molar Concentration of the same acids. The XRF elemental composition of the as-mined Azara barite ore with a specific gravity of 3.85 shows that the ore contains 36.2\% Barium, 34.4\% Sulphur, 14.7\% Titanium, 5.5\% Vanadium, 1.8\% Aluminium, and 1.5\% Silicon, amidst others. This shows that the specific gravity value obtained confirms that the barite ore in Nigeria has a specific gravity between 3.0 to 4.0 and has low percentage contents of barium and sulphur elements in the presence of other elements (impurities).\par
Scan electron photomicrograph shows the fracture surface of barite crude that is representative of      IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Azara barite contains about 36.2\% to 50.5\% barium metal, 12.6\% to 34.4\% sulphur and about 22.7\% oxygen. Azara barite ore heat treated for 30 minutes and leached with 1.0 molar concentration of HCl and H 2 SO 4 gave the highest (best) specific gravity values of 4.46 and 4.39 of all the selected heat treatment (fusing) time as compared to the standard of 4.20 to 4.50 specific gravity required by the oil and gas industries. The specific gravity of Azara barite ore found in Nassarawa State, Nigeria has been upgraded to a range of 4.39 to 4.46 from the 3.85 specific gravity of the as-mined ore. Therefore, the results of this research work have established that the Azara barite ore found in Nassarawa state, Nigeria is suitable for oil and gas applications.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Fig 4 and}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig 6 and}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Fig. 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{23}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 2 : 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{45}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig. 4 :Fig. 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{647}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 6 : 4 Fig. 7 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2125\textwidth}P{0.4407407407407407\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.02361111111111111\textwidth}P{0.02361111111111111\textwidth}P{0.03148148148148148\textwidth}P{0.039351851851851846\textwidth}P{0.04722222222222222\textwidth}}
SIEVE SIZE\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{FEED UNDER FLOW OVER FLOW LOSS UNDER FLOW OVER FLOW LOSS}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{-350 + 250µm 500g}\tabcellsep 380g\tabcellsep 42g\tabcellsep 78g\tabcellsep 76\%\tabcellsep 8.4\%\tabcellsep 15.6\%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.5819819819819819\textwidth}P{0.03063063063063063\textwidth}P{0.03063063063063063\textwidth}P{0.015315315315315315\textwidth}P{0.022972972972972974\textwidth}P{0.04594594594594595\textwidth}P{0.04594594594594595\textwidth}P{0.038288288288288286\textwidth}P{0.038288288288288286\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{9}{l}{FEED CONCENTRATE MIDDLING TAILING LOSS CONCENTRATE MIDDLING TAILING LOSS}\\
600g\tabcellsep 314g\tabcellsep 242g\tabcellsep 2g\tabcellsep 42g\tabcellsep 52.3\%\tabcellsep 40.3\%\tabcellsep 0.3\%\tabcellsep 7.0\%\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.29336283185840706\textwidth}P{0.5566371681415929\textwidth}}
SAMPLES\tabcellsep SPECIFIC GRAVITY\\
THEORETICAL STANDARD\tabcellsep 4.20 -4.50\\
A\tabcellsep 4.29\\
B\tabcellsep 4.46\\
C\tabcellsep 4.19\\
D\tabcellsep 4.39\\
E\tabcellsep 3.92\\
F\tabcellsep 3.85\\
G\tabcellsep 2.69\\
H\tabcellsep 2.65\\
I\tabcellsep 3.51\\
J\tabcellsep 3.45\\
K\tabcellsep 2.68\\
L\tabcellsep 2.36\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter   			  			  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Thrush ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		\textit{A dictionary of mining, mineral, and related terms: U.S. Bureau of mines},  		 			P W Thrush 		.  		1968. p. 1049.  	 
\bibitem[Ayim and Enoch ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		 			F M Ayim 		,  		 			E Enoch 		.  	 	 		\textit{Petroleum Technology Development Journal},  				2009. p. .  	 
\bibitem[Barites Exploration Opportunities in Nigeria Ministry of Mines and Steel Development ()]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘Barites Exploration Opportunities in Nigeria’.  	 	 		\textit{Ministry of Mines and Steel Development},  				 (Abuja, Nigeria)  		2010.  	 
\bibitem[Wills ()]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{Mineral Processing Technology},  		 			B A Wills 		.  		2006. New York, United States of America: Elsevier Ltd.  	 
\bibitem[Adetoroye ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Preliminary returns on Barite occurrence in Nassarawa state},  		 			B O Adetoroye 		.  		1998. p. .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}