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\title{Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Regenerated Cement from Waste Concrete}
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             \author[1]{Yileng  Du}

             \affil[1]{  University Technical College Portsmouth}

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2016 Accepted: 3 January 2017 Published: 15 January 2017}

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\begin{abstract}
        


It has been a long time since humans started using waste materials in engineering applications. This approach not only reduces the yield of waste, while minimizing the costs of disposal but also limit the cost of new materials. In the field of construction, the reuse of waste concretes has been a strong research in recent years. However the processing of the wastes normally involves complicated processing and lab equipment. In this report we crush and dehydrate waste concretes with normal lab facilities and re-make the cement composites. The waste concretes were crushed and dehydrated at two temperatures, 1280 and 1400 ? C. To balance the concentration of silica and lime, extra lime at 28.5% and 16% were added to the waste concretes. The resultant materials were evaluated with respect to the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and microstructures. It is concluded that the material dehydrated at 1400 ?C and containing 28.5% lime presents the best mechanical performance. This report presents a simple and inexpensive method to reuse the waste concretes in applications such as pavements.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{waste concrete, regenerated cement, mechanical properties, microstructures.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
s a result of modernization, new consumer behaviors generate waste with exponential increase, in a variety of different divisions of the society. Inappropriate treatment of these wastes, lead to strong negative impacts to the environment. As an applicable and effective method to deal with the waste materials, incorporating the wastes into new products can not only reduce the amount of wastes, but also reduce the cost of industrial manufacturing and production 1,2 . In the section of construction and buildings, the waste concretes cause many environmental and health issues, while more and more concretes are used these years. In the meantime, the production of cements are facing a shortage of the source materials  {\ref [3]} {\ref [4]} {\ref [5]} . The global market for construction aggregates is consistently increasing  {\ref [6]} {\ref [7]} {\ref [8]} {\ref [9]} . Development has inflicted severe damage on the environment and may endanger its sustainability. The exploitation of natural resources, in particular non-renewable resources, for construction purposes leads to millions of tons of construction and demolition waste every year 10,11   . Since most countries have no specific processing plan for these materials, they are sent to landfill instead low quality of the final product, owing to lack of knowledge  {\ref [19]} {\ref [20]} {\ref [21]} {\ref [22]} {\ref [23]} . Waste concrete materials are being increasingly used in constructions. Targeting engineering applicability, waste concretes should be standardized for the key parameters such as gravel size, specific gravity, water absorption ratio, and crushing values should be determined, and these aggregates should be separated from wood, ceramics, iron, and so on  {\ref [24]} {\ref [25]} {\ref [26]}\hyperref[b0]{[27]}\hyperref[b1]{[28]} . Waste concretes are mostly used as protective barrier and ground-filling material against erosion. In such large-scale projects as rebuilding roads and runways, using waste concretes will reduce the cost of removal of the debris \hyperref[b2]{[29]}\hyperref[b3]{[30]}\hyperref[b4]{[31]}\hyperref[b5]{[32]} . The utilization of waste concretes is increasingly gaining popularity in many countries \hyperref[b6]{[33]}\hyperref[b7]{[34]}\hyperref[b8]{[35]} . A lot of labs separates the hardened cement pastes from the waste concretes and then dehydrate the cement pastes at high temperature to generate the recycled cements. However, this method only uses a portion of the waste materials at low efficiency. Waste concretes are crushed and ground by means of different methods so that they could be used as concrete aggregates \hyperref[b9]{36,}\hyperref[b11]{37} . Waste concrete can be crushed into different sizes of aggregates. In comparison with normal concrete, Waste concretes have a higher water absorption ratio but a lower specific gravity. The mortar percentage used in waste concrete obtained from crushed concrete of destroyed structures was determined via linear traverse method \hyperref[b12]{[38]}\hyperref[b13]{[39]}\hyperref[b14]{[40]} . Workability of concrete wastes is normally not good, and hence water amount often needs to be increased \hyperref[b15]{41,}\hyperref[b16]{42} . However, it is inevitable that cement ratio will increase in proportion to water added. Therefore, it would be desirable to obtain finer aggregates in order for a proper workability \hyperref[b17]{43} . It is worth noting that the CaCO 3 based aggregates produce materials that share similar chemical compositions with the dehydrated cement paste and hence it may be a viable approach to utilize the dehydrated concretes directly and avoiding the separation step. Currently there are not many results on the utilization of the full composition of waste concretes. In this paper, we use the waste concretes with CaCO 3 based aggregates as the source materials to regenerate cementitious materials. This method is much easier and less cost-consuming in construction activitities. We used high temperature kiln to dehydrate the crushed waste concretes and then we studied the chemical composition, mechanical properties and the microstructures of the regenerated concretes. These results will provide guidance on the engineering utility of the waste concretes in construction. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Experiments}]{Experiments}\par
The waste concretes were kindly provided by QUATTRO UK LTD from a source of demolished building. The materials were broken and ground into powders and sieved at 800 µm. Because the full compositions were dehydrated, the materials contain a large amount of SiO 2 from the fine aggregates. For this reason we added an extra amount of lime of 28.5\% or 16\% in weight to balance the compositions of Ca and Si. In addition, extra Fe and Al oxides were also added at about 1\%. The mixed raw materials are dehydrated at two different temperatures 1280 and 1400 °C for about 1 hour. The dehydrated materials are quickly cooled down to room temperature. The processing is presented in Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1}. The chemical compositions were first analyzed with x-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Bruker D8 instrument. In total four different materials are prepared to compare these two parameters, as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1}. Another control sample with no waste concrete was also prepared and studies for comparison purpose. The mixing procedures follow the ASTM standard C305 -14. The resulting fresh materials are cast into plastic cylinder molds with the aid of vibration. All samples were sealed and kept at room temperature and demolded on the day of testings. The samples were subject to compressive and tensile tests at three different ages, 1, 7 and 28 days, with a MTS universal test machine. To understand the mechanism behind the mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images were taken on the concretes at the age of 28 days. It is noteworthy that the phases of CSH and CH are not seen in the dehydrated materials, which means that the dehydration is completed. While it is challenging to quantitatively calculate the respective compositions of each material based on the relative intensities of the XRD peaks, it is concluded the compositions are similar among the dehydrated paste and the raw clinker. Especially there is no obvious difference between the materials dehydrated at 1280 ?C and 1400 ?C. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Results}]{Results} 
\section[{a) Chemical Composition}]{a) Chemical Composition} 
\section[{b) Mechanical Properties}]{b) Mechanical Properties}\par
The mechanical properties of the waste replaced samples were compared with studies of compressive tests and tensile tests. The results are also compared with the a control mix without waste replacement. Figure  {\ref 3} shows the results of compressive strength at the three different ages. As expected, the overall strengths are decreased when the waste materials are used. And with more replacement, the strength are even lower. It is noticeable that the at higher processing temperature 1400 ?C, the overall strengths are higher than 1280 ?C, which is because at the higher temperature, the waste materials are more fully converted to the clinkers, allowing complete reaction between cement and water. An incomplete conversion from hydration products to clinkers may leave the unavailability of reaction spots in the matrix phase, resulting in a non-uniform microstructures. This is the reason causing the premature failures. However it should be noted that the reduction in mechanical properties were not so enormous. Especially for the samples are processed under 1400 ?C. The strengths are lowered less than 20\%. These materials are apparently feasible for applications such as low level buildings or pavements. The cost will be significantly lower than using raw cement. The SEM images (SEI mode) of the cement paste are shown in Figure  {\ref 4}. The CSH and CH grains are clearly observed in the sample. The morphology of the hydration products with from the waste materials are similar with the normal pastes. In both samples, the CSH gel can be clearly observed, as well as the CH plates and AFt crystals. Comparing these two samples, it is noticed that the amount of the AFt crystals in the waste concrete sample in much less than the control sample, which may be responsible for the lower mechanical properties. It is also noted that in the sample with the regenerated cement, there is a through crack, which may be due to the weak binding between the CSH gels and other hydration products. This is also a viable mechanism to explain the diminished mechanical properties of the concretes from regenerated cement. Other than that, it seems there are no apparent differences in the microstructures between the two samples verifying the validity of using the dehydrated waste concrete to develop new materials.\par
IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
In this work, the waste concretes were processed at temperatures of 1280 and 1400 °C. The resulting dehydrated materials were directly added to mix with cement. The resulting mechanical properties are lower than those of normal concrete samples. The microstructures and CSH are also similar with the normal concretes. It is applicable to use these waste concretes for construction that does not necessitate high strengths, such as pavement and single-storey house. This work provides opportunities of using waste demolished concretes, reducing cost while having a positive impact to the environment.  The following benefits can be availed by you only for next three years from the date of certification:\par
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\section[{II II}]{II II}\par
be credited to his/her bank account. The entire entitled amount will be credited to his/her bank account exceeding limit of minimum fixed balance. There is no minimum time limit for collection. The FARSE member can decide its price and we can help in making the right decision.\par
The FARSE member is eligible to join as a paid peer reviewer at Global Journals Incorporation (USA) and can get remuneration of 15\% of author fees, taken from the author of a respective paper. After reviewing 5 or more papers you can request to transfer the amount to your bank account.\par
The FARSE is eligible to earn from sales proceeds of his/her researches/reference/review Books or literature, while publishing with Global Journals. The FARSE can decide whether he/she would like to publish his/her research in a closed manner. In this case, whenever readers purchase that individual research paper for reading, maximum 60\% of its profit earned as royalty by Global Journals, will As MARSE, you will be given a renowned, secure and free professional email address with 30 GB of space e.g. johnhall@globaljournals.org. This will include Webmail, Spam Assassin, Email Forwarders,Auto-Responders, Email Delivery Route tracing, etc. 
\section[{MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH SOCIETY IN ENGINEERING (MARSE)}]{MEMBER OF ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH SOCIETY IN ENGINEERING (MARSE)}\par
We shall provide you intimation regarding launching of e-version of journal of your stream time to time.This may be utilized in your library for the enrichment of knowledge of your students as well as it can also be helpful for the concerned faculty members.\par
Once you are designated as MARSE, you may send us a scanned copy of all of your credentials. OARS will verify, grade and certify them. This will be based on your academic records, quality of research papers published by you, and some more criteria.\par
It is mandatory to read all terms and conditions carefully.\par
The MARSE member can apply for approval, grading and certification of standards of their educational and Institutional Degrees to Open Association of Research, Society U.S.A. 
\section[{Auxiliary Memberships}]{Auxiliary Memberships}\par
Institutional The Institute will be entitled to following benefits:\par
The IBOARS can initially review research papers of their institute and recommend them to publish with respective journal of Global Journals. It can also review the papers of other institutions after obtaining our consent. The second review will be done by peer reviewer of Global Journals Incorporation (USA) The Board is at liberty to appoint a peer reviewer with the approval of chairperson after consulting us. The author fees of such paper may be waived off up to 40\%.\par
The Global Journals Incorporation (USA) at its discretion can also refer double blind peer reviewed paper at their end to the board for the verification and to get recommendation for final stage of acceptance of publication.\par
The IBOARS can organize symposium/seminar/conference in their country on behalf of Global Journals Incorporation (USA)-OARS (USA). The terms and conditions can be discussed separately. 
\section[{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook}]{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook}\par
The Board can also play vital role by exploring and giving valuable suggestions regarding the Standards of "Open Association of Research Society, U.S.A (OARS)" so that proper amendment can take place for the benefit of entire research community. We shall provide details of particular standard only on receipt of request from the Board.\par
The board members can also join us as Individual Fellow with 40\% discount on total fees applicable to Individual Fellow. They will be entitled to avail all the benefits as declared. Please visit Individual Fellow-sub menu of GlobalJournals.org to have more relevant details. 
\section[{V}]{V}\par
We shall provide you intimation regarding launching of e-version of journal of your stream time to time. This may be utilized in your library for the enrichment of knowledge of your students as well as it can also be helpful for the concerned faculty members.\par
After nomination of your institution as "Institutional Fellow" and constantly functioning successfully for one year, we can consider giving recognition to your institute to function as Regional/Zonal office on our behalf.\par
The board can also take up the additional allied activities for betterment after our consultation. 
\section[{The following entitlements are applicable to individual Fellows:}]{The following entitlements are applicable to individual Fellows:}\par
Open Disbursement of 40\% Royalty earned through Global Journals : Researcher = 50\%, Peer Reviewer = 37.50\%, Institution = 12.50\% E.g. Out of 40\%, the 20\% benefit should be passed on to researcher, 15 \% benefit towards remuneration should be given to a reviewer and remaining 5\% is to be retained by the institution. 
\section[{Preferred Author Guidelines}]{Preferred Author Guidelines} 
\section[{MANUSCRIPT STYLE INSTRUCTION (Must be strictly followed)}]{MANUSCRIPT STYLE INSTRUCTION (Must be strictly followed)}\par
Page Size: 8.27" X 11'"  
\section[{GENERAL}]{GENERAL}\par
Before submitting your research paper, one is advised to go through the details as mentioned in following heads. It will be beneficial, while peer reviewer justify your paper for publication. 
\section[{Scope}]{Scope}\par
The Acknowledgements: Please make these as concise as possible. 
\section[{References}]{References}\par
References follow the Harvard scheme of referencing. References in the text should cite the authors' names followed by the time of their publication, unless there are three or more authors when simply the first author's name is quoted followed by et al. unpublished work has to only be cited where necessary, and only in the text. Copies of references in press in other journals have to be supplied with submitted typescripts. It is necessary that all citations and references be carefully checked before submission, as mistakes or omissions will cause delays.\par
References to information on the World Wide Web can be given, but only if the information is available without charge to readers on an official site. Wikipedia and Similar websites are not allowed where anyone can change the information. Authors will be asked to make available electronic copies of the cited information for inclusion on the Global Journals Inc. (US) homepage at the judgment of the Editorial Board.\par
The Editorial Board and Global Journals Inc. (US) recommend that, citation of online-published papers and other material should be done via a DOI (digital object identifier). If an author cites anything, which does not have a DOI, they run the risk of the cited material not being noticeable.\par
The Editorial Board and Global Journals Inc. (US) recommend the use of a tool such as Reference Manager for reference management and formatting. 
\section[{Tables, Figures and Figure Legends}]{Tables, Figures and Figure Legends}\par
Tables: Tables should be few in number, cautiously designed, uncrowned, and include only essential data. Each must have an Arabic number, e.g. Table  {\ref 4}, a self-explanatory caption and be on a separate sheet. Vertical lines should not be used.  
\section[{AFTER ACCEPTANCE}]{AFTER ACCEPTANCE}\par
Upon approval of a paper for publication, the manuscript will be forwarded to the dean, who is responsible for the publication of the Global Journals Inc. (US). 
\section[{Proof Corrections}]{Proof Corrections}\par
The corresponding author will receive an e-mail alert containing a link to a website or will be attached. A working e-mail address must therefore be provided for the related author.\par
Acrobat Reader will be required in order to read this file. This software can be downloaded (Free of charge) from the following website:\par
www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. This will facilitate the file to be opened, read on screen, and printed out in order for any corrections to be added. Further instructions will be sent with the proof.\par
Proofs must be returned to the dean at dean@globaljournals.org within three days of receipt.\par
As changes to proofs are costly, we inquire that you only correct typesetting errors. All illustrations are retained by the publisher. Please note that the authors are responsible for all statements made in their work, including changes made by the copy editor. 
\section[{Early View of Global Journals Inc. (US) (Publication Prior to Print)}]{Early View of Global Journals Inc. (US) (Publication Prior to Print)}\par
The Global Journals Inc. (US) are enclosed by our publishing's Early View service. Early View articles are complete full-text articles sent in advance of their publication. Early View articles are absolute and final. They have been completely reviewed, revised and edited for publication, and the authors' final corrections have been incorporated. Because they are in final form, no changes can be made after sending them. The nature of Early View articles means that they do not yet have volume, issue or page numbers, so Early View articles cannot be cited in the conventional way. 
\section[{Author Services}]{Author Services}\par
Online production tracking is available for your article through Author Services. Author Services enables authors to track their articleonce it has been accepted -through the production process to publication online and in print. Authors can check the status of their articles online and choose to receive automated e-mails at key stages of production. The authors will receive an e-mail with a unique link that enables them to register and have their article automatically added to the system. Please ensure that a complete e-mail address is provided when submitting the manuscript. 
\section[{Author Material Archive Policy}]{Author Material Archive Policy}\par
Please note that if not specifically requested, publisher will dispose off hardcopy \& electronic information submitted, after the two months of publication. If you require the return of any information submitted, please inform the Editorial Board or dean as soon as possible. 
\section[{Offprint and Extra Copies}]{Offprint and Extra Copies}\par
A PDF offprint of the online-published article will be provided free of charge to the related author, and may be distributed according to the Publisher's terms and conditions. Additional paper offprint may be ordered by emailing us at: editor@globaljournals.org .\par
You must strictly follow above Author Guidelines before submitting your paper or else we will not at all be responsible for any corrections in future in any of the way. 
\section[{Final Points:}]{Final Points:}\par
A purpose of organizing a research paper is to let people to interpret your effort selectively. The journal requires the following sections, submitted in the order listed, each section to start on a new page.\par
The introduction will be compiled from reference matter and will reflect the design processes or outline of basis that direct you to make study. As you will carry out the process of study, the method and process section will be constructed as like that. The result segment will show related statistics in nearly sequential order and will direct the reviewers next to the similar intellectual paths throughout the data that you took to carry out your study. The discussion section will provide understanding of the data and projections as to the implication of the results. The use of good quality references all through the paper will give the effort trustworthiness by representing an alertness of prior workings.\par
27. Refresh your mind after intervals: Try to give rest to your mind by listening to soft music or by sleeping in intervals. This will also improve your memory.\par
28. Make colleagues: Always try to make colleagues. No matter how sharper or intelligent you are, if you make colleagues you can have several ideas, which will be helpful for your research.\par
Think technically: Always think technically. If anything happens, then search its reasons, its benefits, and demerits.\par
30. Think and then print: When you will go to print your paper, notice that tables are not be split, headings are not detached from their descriptions, and page sequence is maintained. In every sections of your document 
\section[{Adding unnecessary information}]{Adding unnecessary information}\par
? Use standard writing style including articles ("a", "the," etc.)\par
? Keep on paying attention on the research topic of the paper\par
? Use paragraphs to split each significant point (excluding for the abstract)\par
? Align the primary line of each section Writing a research paper is not an easy job no matter how trouble-free the actual research or concept. Practice, excellent preparation, and controlled record keeping are the only means to make straightforward the progression.\par
principle while stating the situation. The purpose is to text all particular resources and broad procedures, so that another person may use some or all of the methods in one more study or referee the scientific value of your work. It is not to be a step by step report of the whole thing you did, nor is a methods section a set of orders. 
\section[{Materials:}]{Materials:}\par
Explain materials individually only if the study is so complex that it saves liberty this way.\par
Embrace particular materials, and any tools or provisions that are not frequently found in laboratories. Do not take in frequently found. If use of a definite type of tools. Materials may be reported in a part section or else they may be recognized along with your measures.\par
Methods:\par
Report the method (not particulars of each process that engaged the same methodology) Describe the method entirely To be succinct, present methods under headings dedicated to specific dealings or groups of measures Simplify -details how procedures were completed not how they were exclusively performed on a particular day.\par
If well known procedures were used, account the procedure by name, possibly with reference, and that's all.\par
Approach: It is embarrassed or not possible to use vigorous voice when documenting methods with no using first person, which would focus the reviewer's interest on the researcher rather than the job. As a result when script up the methods most authors use third person passive voice. Use standard style in this and in every other part of the paper -avoid familiar lists, and use full sentences. 
\section[{What to keep away from}]{What to keep away from}\par
Resources and methods are not a set of information. Skip all descriptive information and surroundings -save it for the argument.\par
Leave out information that is immaterial to a third party. 
\section[{Results:}]{Results:}\par
The principle of a results segment is to present and demonstrate your conclusion. Create this part a entirely objective details of the outcome, and save all understanding for the discussion.\par
The page length of this segment is set by the sum and types of data to be reported. Carry on to be to the point, by means of statistics and tables, if suitable, to present consequences most efficiently.You must obviously differentiate material that would usually be incorporated in a study editorial from any unprocessed data or additional appendix matter that would not be available. In fact, such matter should not be submitted at all except requested by the instructor.\par
Present surroundings information only as desirable in order hold up a situation. The reviewer does not desire to read the whole thing you know about a topic. Shape the theory/purpose specifically -do not take a broad view.\par
As always, give awareness to spelling, simplicity and correctness of sentences and phrases. 
\section[{Procedures (Methods and Materials):}]{Procedures (Methods and Materials):}\par
This part is supposed to be the easiest to carve if you have good skills. A sound written Procedures segment allows a capable scientist to replacement your results. Present precise information about your supplies. The suppliers and clarity of reagents can be helpful bits of information. Present methods in sequential order but linked methodologies can be grouped as a segment. Be concise when relating the protocols. Attempt for the least amount of information that would permit another capable scientist to spare your outcome but be cautious that vital information is integrated. The use of subheadings is suggested and ought to be synchronized with the results section. When a technique is used that has been well described in another object, mention the specific item describing a way but draw the basic \begin{figure}[htbp]
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\multicolumn{5}{l}{Research in Science, Technology \& Engineering}\\
2016, 5, 5.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{14. Wang, L.-p.; Chen, B.-y.; Chen, C.; Chen, Z.-s.; Liu,}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{G.-l.: Application of linear mean-square estimation}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{in ocean engineering. China Ocean Engineering}\\
2016, 30, 12.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{15. Wang, L.-p.; Chen, B.-y.; Zhang, J.-f.; Chen, Z.: A}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{new model for calculating the design wave height in}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{typhoon-affected sea areas. Nat Hazar 2013, 67, 15.}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{16. Cai, W.; Gong, J.; Wu, N.: 2.4GHZ Class F Power}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Amplifier for Wireless Medical Sensor Network.}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on New}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Technologies 2016, 7.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{17. Cai, W.; Huang, L.; Wu, N.: Class E Power Amplifier}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{for Wireless Medical Sensor Network. International}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Journal of Enhanced Research in Science,}\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Technology \& Engineering 2016, 5, 6.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{18. Cao, Y.; Weiss, J.; Youngblood, J.; Moon, R.;}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Zavattieri, P.: Performance-enhanced cementitious}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{materials by cellulose nanocrystal additions.}\\
Production\tabcellsep and\tabcellsep Applications\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep Cellulose\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Nanomaterials 2013, 2.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: 19. Dong, Y.; Bu, K.; Dou, Y.; Zhang, D.: Determination of interfacial heat-transfer coefficient during investment-casting process of single-crystal blades. Journal of materials processing technology 2011, 211, 9. 20. Dong, Y.; Zhang, D.; Bu, K.; Dou, Y.; Wang, W.: Geometric parameter-based optimization of the die profile for the investment casting of aerofoil-shaped turbine blades. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2011, 57. 21. Dong, Y.; Kun, B.; Dou, Y.; Zhang, D.: Determination of wax pattern die profile for investment casting of turbine blades. Transactions of nonferrous metals society of China 2011, 21, 10. 22. Cai, W.; Shi, F.: DESIGN OF LOW POWER MEDICAL DEVICE. International Journal of VLSI design \& Communication Systems (VLSICS) 2017, 8, 7. 23. Cao, Y.; Zavattieri, P.; Youngblood, J.; Moon, R.; Weiss, J.: The relationship between cellulose nanocrystal dispersion and strength. wear rate of fuel rods. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2016, 308, 8. 26. Wang, H.; Hu, Z.; Lu, W.; Thouless, M. D.: The effect of coupled wear and creep during grid-to-rod fretting. Nuclear Engineering and Design 2017, 318, 11.]} 
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  {\small\itshape [Note: Choice of key words is first tool of tips to write research paper. Research paper writing is an art.A few tips for deciding as strategically as possible about keyword search: © Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US)| Guidelines Handbook XII ?]} 
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  {\small\itshape [Note: © Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook XVII Separating a table/chart or figure -impound each figure/table to a single page Submitting a manuscript with pages out of sequence]} 
\caption{\label{tab_4}:}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US)| Guidelines Handbook} 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook III} 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US)| Guidelines HandbookIV} 			\footnote{© Copyright by Global Journals Inc.(US) | Guidelines Handbook XIX} 		 		\backmatter   			 \par
Acknowledgements: Contributors to the research other than authors credited should be mentioned under acknowledgement. The specifications of the source of funding for the research if appropriate can be included. Suppliers of resources may be mentioned along with address. 			  			 \par
1) Substantial contributions to conception and acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the findings.\par
2) Drafting the paper and revising it critically regarding important academic content.\par
3) Final approval of the version of the paper to be published.\par
All authors should have been credited according to their appropriate contribution in research activity and preparing paper. Contributors who do not match the criteria as authors may be mentioned under Acknowledgement. 
\subsection[{General style:}]{General style:}\par
Specific editorial column necessities for compliance of a manuscript will always take over from directions in these general guidelines.\par
To make a paper clear Reason of the study -theory, overall issue, purpose Fundamental goal To the point depiction of the research Consequences, including definite statistics -if the consequences are quantitative in nature, account quantitative data; results of any numerical analysis should be reported Significant conclusions or questions that track from the research(es) Approach:\par
Single section, and succinct As a outline of job done, it is always written in past tense A conceptual should situate on its own, and not submit to any other part of the paper such as a form or table Center on shortening resultsbound background information to a verdict or two, if completely necessary What you account in an conceptual must be regular with what you reported in the manuscript Exact spelling, clearness of sentences and phrases, and appropriate reporting of quantities (proper units, important statistics) are just as significant in an abstract as they are anywhere else 
\subsection[{Introduction:}]{Introduction:}\par
The Introduction should "introduce" the manuscript. The reviewer should be presented with sufficient background information to be capable to comprehend and calculate the purpose of your study without having to submit to other works. The basis for the study should be offered. Give most important references but shun difficult to make a comprehensive appraisal of the topic. In the introduction, describe the problem visibly. If the problem is not acknowledged in a logical, reasonable way, the reviewer will have no attention in your result. Speak in common terms about techniques used to explain the problem, if needed, but do not present any particulars about the protocols here. Following approach can create a valuable beginning:\par
Explain the value (significance) of the study Shield the model -why did you employ this particular system or method? What is its compensation? You strength remark on its appropriateness from a abstract point of vision as well as point out sensible reasons for using it. Present a justification. Status your particular theory (es) or aim(s), and describe the logic that led you to choose them. Very for a short time explain the tentative propose and how it skilled the declared objectives. 
\subsection[{Approach:}]{Approach:}\par
Use past tense except for when referring to recognized facts. After all, the manuscript will be submitted after the entire job is done. Sort out your thoughts; manufacture one key point with every section. If you make the four points listed above, you will need a least of four paragraphs. 
\subsection[{Abstract:}]{Abstract:}\par
The summary should be two hundred words or less. It should briefly and clearly explain the key findings reported in the manuscript-must have precise statistics. It should not have abnormal acronyms or abbreviations. It should be logical in itself. Shun citing references at this point.\par
An abstract is a brief distinct paragraph summary of finished work or work in development. In a minute or less a reviewer can be taught the foundation behind the study, common approach to the problem, relevant results, and significant conclusions or new questions.\par
Write your summary when your paper is completed because how can you write the summary of anything which is not yet written? Wealth of terminology is very essential in abstract. Yet, use comprehensive sentences and do not let go readability for briefness. You can maintain it succinct by phrasing sentences so that they provide more than lone rationale. The author can at this moment go straight to Do not present the similar data more than once. Manuscript should complement any figures or tables, not duplicate the identical information. Never confuse figures with tables -there is a difference. 
\subsection[{Approach}]{Approach}\par
As forever, use past tense when you submit to your results, and put the whole thing in a reasonable order. Put figures and tables, appropriately numbered, in order at the end of the report If you desire, you may place your figures and tables properly within the text of your results part. 
\subsection[{Figures and tables}]{Figures and tables}\par
If you put figures and tables at the end of the details, make certain that they are visibly distinguished from any attach appendix materials, such as raw facts Despite of position, each figure must be numbered one after the other and complete with subtitle In spite of position, each table must be titled, numbered one after the other and complete with heading All figure and table must be adequately complete that it could situate on its own, divide from text Discussion:\par
The Discussion is expected the trickiest segment to write and describe. A lot of papers submitted for journal are discarded based on problems with the Discussion. There is no head of state for how long a argument should be. Position your understanding of the outcome visibly to lead the reviewer through your conclusions, and then finish the paper with a summing up of the implication of the study. The purpose here is to offer an understanding of your results and hold up for all of your conclusions, using facts from your research and generally accepted information, if suitable. The implication of result should be visibly described. Infer your data in the conversation in suitable depth. This means that when you clarify an observable fact you must explain mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your results vary from your prospect, make clear why that may have happened. If your results agree, then explain the theory that the proof supported. It is never suitable to just state that the data approved with prospect, and let it drop at that. Make a decision if each premise is supported, discarded, or if you cannot make a conclusion with assurance. Do not just dismiss a study or part of a study as "uncertain." Research papers are not acknowledged if the work is imperfect. Draw what conclusions you can based upon the results that you have, and take care of the study as a finished work You may propose future guidelines, such as how the experiment might be personalized to accomplish a new idea. Give details all of your remarks as much as possible, focus on mechanisms. Make a decision if the tentative design sufficiently addressed the theory, and whether or not it was correctly restricted.\par
Try to present substitute explanations if sensible alternatives be present. One research will not counter an overall question, so maintain the large picture in mind, where do you go next? The best studies unlock new avenues of study. What questions remain? Recommendations for detailed papers will offer supplementary suggestions. Approach:\par
When you refer to information, differentiate data generated by your own studies from available information Submit to work done by specific persons (including you) in past tense. Submit to generally acknowledged facts and main beliefs in present tense. 
\subsection[{Content}]{Content}\par
Sum up your conclusion in text and demonstrate them, if suitable, with figures and tables. In manuscript, explain each of your consequences, point the reader to remarks that are most appropriate. Present a background, such as by describing the question that was addressed by creation an exacting study. Explain results of control experiments and comprise remarks that are not accessible in a prescribed figure or table, if appropriate. Examine your data, then prepare the analyzed (transformed) data in the form of a figure (graph), table, or in manuscript form. What to stay away from Do not discuss or infer your outcome, report surroundings information, or try to explain anything. Not at all, take in raw data or intermediate calculations in a research manuscript.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Du et al. ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘A graphical model approach for matching partial signatures’.  		 			X Du 		,  		 			D Doermann 		,  		 			W Abd-Almageed 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},  				 (the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition)  		2015. 8.  	 
\bibitem[Cao and Verian ()]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		‘A VEDA simulation on cement paste: using dynamic atomic force microscopy to characterize cellulose nanocrystal distribution’.  		 			Y Cao 		,  		 			K P Verian 		.  	 	 		\textit{MRS Communications}  		2017. 7 p. 5.  	 
\bibitem[Wen et al.]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		\textit{Accessing Mitochondrial Targets Using NanoCargos},  		 			R Wen 		,  		 			A C Umeano 		,  		 			S Dhar 		.  		 	 
\bibitem[Wen and Umeano ()]{b17}\label{b17} 	 		\textit{Dual role of nanoparticle for cancer immunotherapy and imaging},  		 			R Wen 		,  		 			A C Umeano 		.  		2017. 1.  	 
\bibitem[Wang et al. ()]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Holographic characterization of protein aggregates’.  		 			C Wang 		,  		 			X Zhong 		,  		 			D B Ruffner 		,  		 			A Stutt 		,  		 			L A Philips 		,  		 			M D Ward 		,  		 			D G Grier 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences}  		2016. p. 12.  	 
\bibitem[Zeng et al. ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘Hydrologic and Climatic Responses to Global Anthropogenic Groundwater Extraction’.  		 			Y Zeng 		,  		 			Z Xie 		,  		 			J Zou 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Climate}  		2017. 30 p. 20.  	 
\bibitem[Intracellular Delivery III ()]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		\textit{Intracellular Delivery III},  		2016. p. 26.  	 
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
