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\title{The Design and Construction of a Step Grate Incinerator}
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             \author[1]{Olisa, Y.  P}

             \affil[1]{  Niger Delta University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2015 Accepted: 31 December 2015 Published: 15 January 2016}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


This paper presents the design and fabrication of an incinerator meant to thermally treat (i.e. combust) domestic waste for the purpose of reducing its volume and destroying hazardous substances or pathogens present in the waste. A step grate package incinerator with a capacity of 100 kg/day was designed and constructed to combust domestic solid waste which otherwise cannot be economically recycled. The mass balance of the equipment was done to determine the amount of combustion air needed to completely burn the waste; likewise the heat balance was done to determine if an auxiliary burner would be needed. The performance test carried out on the waste â??" plastic, paper, rubber, leather, textile, wood and garbage â??" reveal a percentage decrease in volume between 78% â??" 95%.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{combustion, waste management, incineration, solid waste, mass and heat balance.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he efficient management of solid waste is very important to public health and well-being of urban residents  {\ref (Ernst, 2008)}. In most cities in the developing world, several tons of municipal solid waste is left uncollected on the streets each day, interfering with the free flow of drainage, creating feeding ground for pests that spread diseases and creating an enormous health and infrastructural problems. Municipal solid waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure that ensures the protection of environment and human health  {\ref (Sandna, 1982)}.\par
The degradation of the environment caused by inefficient disposal of waste can be expressed by the contamination of soil, surface and ground water through leachate; the spreading of diseases by different vectors like birds, insects and rodents. There is also the uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobic decomposition of waste and air pollution by open burning of waste. The sustainability of the land filling system has become a global challenge due to increased environmental concerns. Growing public opposition together with unavailability of land is one of the reasons why obtaining sites for new landfill is becoming increasingly difficult. Locating a landfill far away from the urban area or far away from the source of waste generation increases transfer costs and additional investments for the infrastructure of roads, hence intensifying the financial problems of the responsible authorities. Common problems for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in the cities include institutional deficiencies, inadequate legislation and resource constraints  {\ref (Magrinhoet al, 2006)}. Long and short term plans are inadequate due to capital and human resource limitations. There is a need to practice integrated solid waste management approach such as: Incorporation of more environmental and economic friendly concepts of source separation; recovery of waste; legitimization of the informal systems; partial privatization and public participation  {\ref (Kreith, 1994)}. Although some governments have formulated policies for environmental protection, they were only implemented in the national capital cities. In rural areas, open dumping is still considered the most popular method of solid waste disposal  {\ref (Oyelolaet al, 2011)}.\par
The challenges of urban solid waste management can be addressed by building an incinerator to thermally treat the solid waste as a part of the integrated waste management method. The incineration of solid waste reduces the waste to about 10\% to 15\% of its original volume, destroys all the harmful substances contained in the waste, and so it is very ideal in big cities where the availability of land is very scarce  {\ref (Knox,2005)}. The equipment can also be incorporated with a heat recovery device to produce steam for process industries and power plants. The process of incineration involves taking into consideration the temperature the combusting gases reach, the length of time the gases remain at elevated temperatures, how well the air and the gases are mixed and whether there is adequate oxygen to permit complete combustion  {\ref (Niessen, 2014)}. The incineration of solid waste is imperative in a situation whereby the waste is so degraded to such extent that recycling is no longer cost effective. The aim of this work is to design and construct a step grate incineration for burning MSW especially those with high moisture content like garbage (70\%) and pathological waste (85\%). 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Methodology}]{Methodology}\par
The detail design of the incinerator was done to calculate the mass and heat balance of the system, these were used to determine the size of the blower and also determine if an auxiliary burner is needed. The construction of the equipment was done with mild steel and refractory bricks. 
\section[{T}]{T}\par
Author ? ? ?: Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, e-mail: yemi.olisa@yahoo.com Abstact-This paper presents the design and fabrication of an incinerator meant to thermally treat (i.e. combust) domestic waste for the purpose of reducing its volume and destroying hazardous substances or pathogens present in the waste. A step grate package incinerator with a capacity of 100 kg/day was designed and constructed to combust domestic solid waste which otherwise cannot be economically recycled. The mass balance of the equipment was done to determine the amount of combustion air needed to completely burn the waste; likewise the heat balance was done to determine if an auxiliary burner would be needed. The performance test carried out on the waste -plastic, paper, rubber, leather, textile, wood and garbage -reveal a percentage decrease in volume between 78\% -95\%. a) Selection of the Force Draft Fan (blower)\par
The selection of the draft fan was done based on the calculation of the mass balance to determine the size of the blower needed to introduce combustion air into the system. Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1} shows the combustion equation of the various waste types and the stoichiometric airrequirement to completely burn the waste. 
\section[{b) Selection of the Auxiliary burner}]{b) Selection of the Auxiliary burner}\par
The heat balance was done to determine if an auxiliary burner will be needed to sustain the combustion process at a temperature of 600 o C.The heat balance in the combustion chamber of the incinerator is shown in the diagram of Figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1while} Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} shows the heat balance for the incinerator.\par
IV. 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The thermal method of solid waste management (incineration) is one of the best methods of treating or disposing of waste as long as the emission produced is not harmful and within the range permissible by federal and state regulations. In order to avoid black smoke coming out of the chimney which is a sign of incomplete combustion or inadequate supply of air, it is important that an appropriate excess air ratio be used to ensure effective burnout of the combustibles in the chamber, suppressing the formation and emission of pollutants. Furthermore, the heat produced from the process can be captured by a heat recovery device (boiler) to produce steam for process industries or thermal power station. Also the incineration of solid waste reduces harmful substances to ash which can be safely landfilled or used as construction material.\par
References Références Referencias The performance test of the incinerator was carriedout to estimate the combustion efficiency of the equipment given by the formula in equation 1. The test was done using different types of waste and taking into consideration the amount of combustion air required and the volume reduction of the waste after the incineration process as shown in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3}.? = ???? 2 ???? 2 + ?? ?? × 100\%\textbf{(1)}\par
III. 
\section[{Results and Discussions}]{Results and Discussions}\par
Table \hyperref[tab_1]{1} shows the combustion equation of the various solid wastes and the amount of stoichiometric air needed to completely burn the waste. However, in the course of introducing air into the combustion chamber, a considerable amount of the air passes through without reacting with the waste, either because of the high speed with which it is introduced or the compactness of the waste which impede the proper diffusion of air into the waste. Therefore, an excess amount of air (30\%) was supplied to compensate for the fugitive air that passes through the system without reacting with the waste. The calculation of the heat balance in Table \hyperref[tab_2]{2} shows that 61,541kJ/h of heat energy (contained in the flue gas) exits the incinerator into the atmosphere. This heat energy can be used to dry a high moisture waste like pathological waste (85\% moisture content) or garbage (70\%) placed in the drying grate of the incinerator. The performance test in Table \hyperref[tab_3]{3} reveals volume reduction of waste between the ranges of 78\% -95\%. The ash produced after the combustion process can be safely land filled or used as construction material in the civil engineering industry. The combustion efficiency of the system is 86.5\%, this is slightly higher than the 85.2\% efficiency result obtained by Cyril et al (2016) from the design and development of a portable 5. 
\section[{7.}]{7.}\par
©     \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}FiguresFigure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2016\\
52\\
XVI Issue III Version I\\
Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) Volume A\\
Global\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.27584905660377357\textwidth}P{0.07698113207547169\textwidth}P{0.44584905660377355\textwidth}P{0.05132075471698113\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Heat input}\tabcellsep Heat output\tabcellsep \\
(kJ/kg)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (kJ/h)\tabcellsep \\
Paper\tabcellsep 14,085\tabcellsep Radiation loss = 5\% of total heat available= 5\% × 132,100\tabcellsep 6,605\\
Plastic\tabcellsep 33,712\tabcellsep Heat to ash =mC P (T g -T C )\tabcellsep 167.23\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep = 0.35 × 0.831 × (600 -25)\tabcellsep \\
Rubber\tabcellsep 22,197\tabcellsep Heat to dry combustion product= mC P dT\tabcellsep 61,541\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep = 98.6 × 1.086 × (600 -25)\tabcellsep \\
Textile\tabcellsep 17,476\tabcellsep Heat to moisture = (mC P dT) + (mH V )\tabcellsep 30,173\\
Wood\tabcellsep 16,580\tabcellsep = [7.92 × 2.347 × (600 -25)] + [7.92 × 2460]\tabcellsep \\
Leather\tabcellsep 19,050\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Garbage\tabcellsep 9,000\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Total\tabcellsep 132,100\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 94,486.23\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Net Balance = Q 0 -Q 1}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{= 132,100 -94,486}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{= 33,613.8kJ/h(heat required to maintain the incinerator at 600 o C)}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.31875\textwidth}P{0.36428571428571427\textwidth}P{0.1669642857142857\textwidth}}
Type of waste\tabcellsep Stoichiometric air\tabcellsep Volume\\
(10 kg)\tabcellsep requirement\tabcellsep reduction\\
\tabcellsep (perkg waste)\tabcellsep (\%)\\
Paper\tabcellsep 51.6\tabcellsep 95\\
Textile\tabcellsep 77.6\tabcellsep 92\\
Wood\tabcellsep 57.4\tabcellsep 96\\
Rubber\tabcellsep 143.2\tabcellsep 80\\
Leather\tabcellsep 70.5\tabcellsep 81\\
Plastic\tabcellsep 149.0\tabcellsep 78\\
Garbage\tabcellsep 32.9\tabcellsep 85\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2101388888888889\textwidth}P{0.15583333333333332\textwidth}P{0.4840277777777777\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{8. Ash tray}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{9. Blower}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{10. Burner}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Nomenclature}\\
\tabcellsep m\tabcellsep Mass, kg\\
\tabcellsep C p\tabcellsep Specific heat capacity, kJ/kg o C\\
\tabcellsep T g\tabcellsep Temperature of flue gas, o C\\
\tabcellsep T c\tabcellsep AmbientTemperature, o C\\
\tabcellsep d t\tabcellsep Temperaturedifference, o C\\
\tabcellsep H v\tabcellsep Latent heat of vapourization,kJ/kg\\
\tabcellsep Q o\tabcellsep Heat input, kJ\\
Year 2016\tabcellsep Q 1 ?\tabcellsep exit heat, kJ Combustion efficiency, \%\\
54\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
XVI Issue III Version I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Journal of Researches in Engineering ( ) Volume A\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{Global Journals Inc. (US) Guidelines Handbook 2016}]{Global Journals Inc. (US) Guidelines Handbook 2016}\par
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