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\title{CPW Fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Upper}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Prof. Dr. R. K  Khola}

             \author[2]{Paresh  Jain}

             \affil[1]{  Suresh Gyan Vihar University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2015 Accepted: 5 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


rectangular microstrip patch antenna at resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. These types of microstrip antennas give high performance, robust in design and easy to fabricate. Patch elements are placed on FR-4 epoxy substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 kept at a substrate height of 1.6 mm. Simulation results are presented using HFSS version 13.0. The return loss obtained is - 22.1__, and the impedance bandwidth achieved is 37%, VSWR is 1.15 and the gain is 2.55__ at the centre frequency of 2.4 GHz.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{microstrip antenna, cpw fed, hfss 13.0, 2.4 ghz and fr-4 epoxy.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
n the early 1970's the first practical microstrip antenna was fabricated by Howel \& Munson and These above said antennas became popular during the 70's period as this antennas had the space borne applications. Antennas play a vital role in communication systems to transmit and receive signals. Microstrip antennas are versatile in geometrical dimensions and can be implemented easily. They are useful as they are of low profile, low power handling, low weight, simple and cheap \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Due to their attractive features like high rate of transfer of data and compact size have increased their demand and various applications immensely. The Microstrip antennas are of very high performance, robust in design and easy to fabricate \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. Author ?: Ph.D. Scholar, ECE Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. e-mail: jp.jpri@gmail.com Author ?: Professor (Dr.) ECE Department, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. e-mail: rkmkhola176@gmail.com various methods such as cutting slot, increasing thickness, etc. CPW is used in designing antenna which has low weight and low transmission losses and this method was introduced by C.P. Wen in 1969 \hyperref[b2]{[3]}. CPW-Feed method is cheap and the line impedance and phase velocity are less dependent on substrate height then on slot width \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. The design geometry and the results of the proposed antenna are presented in this paper. 
\section[{II. Antenna Design}]{II. Antenna Design}\par
The design is based on transmission line model analysis and it has rectangular patch antenna with upper pentagonal end cut in a circular slot on the ground. The geometry of this antenna is shown in figure  {\ref 2}.In the designing of this antenna three basic parameters are required to be decided, such as thickness of substrate, relative permittivity and dielectric substrate. Thickness of substrate reduces the size of antenna and surface radiations and low dielectric constant is preferred because the antenna gives better efficiency, low losses and higher bandwidth, thus the patch elements are placed on FR-4 epoxy substrate of relative permittivity 4.4 kept at 1.6 mm. height. Feed line width is such that impedance is 50\textunderscore  \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. The antenna is designed with a centre frequency of 2.4GHz.The dimensions of the proposed antenna are shown in Table  {\ref 1}.\par
Figure  {\ref 2} : Geometry of the proposed antenna Table  {\ref 1} : The dimensions of the proposed antenna. 
\section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par
Simulated results are obtained by using Ansoft HFSS 13.0 software. The results are presented and discussed in the following para. 
\section[{a) Return Loss}]{a) Return Loss}\par
The characteristics and measurement of the parameter return loss shows that how the antenna is effective in delivering the power from the source to the antenna. Return loss found is ?22.1 dB\textunderscore \textunderscore . The graph of return loss verses frequency is shown in figure \hyperref[fig_1]{3}. The radiation pattern shows the direction in which the power is directed and is also shows the radiation distribution and the power distribution in the particular direction. The figure \hyperref[fig_2]{4} shows the 3-D radiation pattern of the said antenna at centre frequency 2.4 GHz.  
\section[{d) VSWR}]{d) VSWR}\par
The voltage standing wave ratio is the ratio of the maximum and the minimum voltages at the feed line. The value of the VSWR which is determined for perfect matching of the antenna is such that it should be less than 2. The value should be 1:1 for maximum power transfer and for the antenna to perform efficiently. The plot of VSWR observed at the frequency 2.4 GHz. is 1.15 shown in figure  {\ref 5}. 
\section[{X axis -Frequency in GHz.}]{X axis -Frequency in GHz.}\par
Y axis -VSWR   The smith chart in figure 6 shows VSWR of 1.15 at an angle of 109.23 and magnitude 0.0702 and impedance is 0.9466-0.1261i which indicates that the antenna is resistive in nature. 
\section[{e) Gain}]{e) Gain}\par
The parameter gain shows the amount of the power transmitted in the maximum radiation direction where the isotropic source is taken. The gain should not be less than 0 dB otherwise the antenna is not radiating. The gain of the proposed antenna measured to be 2.55 dB.and shown in figure  {\ref 7}.  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The proposed antenna is based on CPW-Fed technique and from the simulated result, gain is observed as 2.55\textunderscore \textunderscore  and the return loss calculated is -22.1\textunderscore \textunderscore , The VSWR value calculated is 1.17 and the impedance bandwidth calculated is 37\% for the proposed antenna. Simulation and design of the microstrip patch antenna is done on a substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 and at a resonant frequency of 2.4GHz which ranges from 1.97GHz to 2.87GHz and successfully done using HFSS Software. Several other designs can be simulated using different parameters having better results and higher efficiency for applications in the field of wireless communication. Their main applications may be in extended UTMS, Wi-Fi, WiMax, etc. \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{522016}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 5 : 2 2016 F}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}}\end{figure}
   			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[Balanis ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		 			C A Balanis 		.  		\textit{Antenna Theory: Analysis \& Design},  				1997. John Willey \& Sons, Inc.  	 
\bibitem[Indu Bala Pauria et al. (2012)]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		‘Design and Simulation of EShaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wideband Application’.  		 			Sachin Indu Bala Pauria 		,  		 			Sandhya Kumar 		,  		 			Sharma 		.  	 	 		\textit{International Journal of Soft Computer and Engineering}  		 2231-2307.  		July 2012.  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Mutiara and Refianti (2011)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Design of Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Communication at 2.4 GHz’.  		 			A B Mutiara 		,  		 			R Refianti 		,  		 			Rachmansyah 		.  	 	 		\textit{Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology}  		 1992-8645.  		November 2011.  (2)  p. .  	 
\bibitem[Kumar and Malathi (2010)]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		‘On the Design of CPW-Fed Ultra Wideband Triangular Wheel Shape Fractal Antenna’.  		 			Raj Kumar 		,  		 			P Malathi 		.  	 	 		\textit{International journal of microwave and optical technology}  		March 2010. 5  (2) .  	 
\bibitem[Wiley ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		 			John Wiley 		,  		 			\& 		.  		\textit{Sons "Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas},  				2002. Kin-Lu Wong, Inc.  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
