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\title{Simulation and Analysis of Power Quality Improvement using Multilevel Unified Power Quality Conditioner}
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             \author[1]{G.  Annapurna}

             \author[2]{G. Tulasiram  Das}

             \affil[1]{  G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science (for women)}

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\date{\small \em Received: 14 December 2015 Accepted: 4 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is an effective device to solve the power quality problems. The UPQC is a combination of series and shunt filters which simultaneously compensate load voltage and source current imperfections. This paper presents harmonic mitigation using three level Neutral Point Clamped inverter based Unified Power Quality Conditioner. The use of three level Neutral Point Clamped converters allows a better performance of equipment by reducing harmonics and the ripple of the generated oltages and currents. The performance of UPQC in the reduction of harmonics is evaluated when employed with Multi carrier based SPWM and three level novel SVPWM techniques. Simulation results based on MATLAB/SIMULINK are presented to verify the effective compensation of harmonics using the two different modulation techniques.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{active filters, neutral point clamped converters, total harmonic distortion, power quality, SVPWM.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
he increased use of non-linear loads deteriorate power system voltage and current waveforms as they inject harmonics into the system. This results in increased losses, lower efficiency, failure of equipment etc. in the power system. Apart from voltage and current harmonics, voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage outage also can lead to poor quality of power \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Harmonic compensation and voltage regulation have become more important as imbalance in the voltage and presence of harmonics have been serious issues. Hence, there is a great need to mitigate these power quality issues.\par
The introduction of advanced power electronics technology has led to the development of active power filters which are viable solution to these power quality problems \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b1]{2]}.\par
The general arrangement of Unified power quality conditioner is shown in Fig.  {\ref 1}. The main function of a UPQC is to compensate voltage and current harmonics.\par
The UPQC combines series and shunt active filters with a common dc link. The series active filter suppresses voltage distortions while the shunt filter Author ?: e-mail: gootyanu@gmail.com cancels current distortions such that this combination allows simultaneous compensation of voltages and currents supplied to the sensitive load to see that they are sinusoidal and balanced. Fig.  {\ref 1} : General configuration of UPQC Multilevel inverters play an important role in the reduction of harmonic content in the voltages and currents. The multilevel inverters can synthesize high output voltage from smaller voltage levels and thus the current ripples and voltage harmonics are reduced. The UPQC presented in this work consists of three level converter topology \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b3]{4]}. The performance of UPQC can be optimized because of reduction in the size of passive components and transformers \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. 
\section[{II. The Upqc Controller}]{II. The Upqc Controller}\par
The UPQC controller is composed of PLL circuit, Reference Voltage Algorithm and Reference Current Algorithm \hyperref[b3]{[4,}\hyperref[b4]{5,} {\ref 6]}.\par
The PLL circuit has the system voltages Vab and Vcb i.e (Vab =Vas -Vbs, Vcb = Vcs -Vbs) as inputs and the outputs are the signals Pll\textunderscore a, Pll\textunderscore b and Pll\textunderscore c as shown in Fig.  {\ref 2}. 
\section[{Fig. 2 : The synchronizing ciruit}]{Fig. 2 : The synchronizing ciruit}\par
The PLL circuit guarantees the load voltages and source currents to be balanced sinusoidal waveforms at fundamental frequency.\par
The reference current control strategy is shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_0]{3}. The reference currents algorithm control block determines six reference currents (i aref1, i bref1, i cref1 ) and (i aref2 ,i bref2 ,i cref2 ) by using the outputs of PLL (Pll-a,Pll-b,Pllc) , the DC link voltages (V dc1 ,V dc2 ) and the load currents (I al, I bl ,I cl ) as inputs. The shunt active power filter will then synthesize the reference currents. The "reference voltage algorithm" shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{4} calculates, the reference voltages (V aref , V bref , V cref ) by using system input voltages (V as , V bs , V cs ) and PLL outputs(pll-a, pll-b, pll-c) that will be synthesized by the series power converter. 
\begin{quote}
.\end{quote}
 
\section[{III. Switching Strategy of Three Level Converters}]{III. Switching Strategy of Three Level Converters}\par
In order to illustrate the switching control technique applied to the series and shunt active power converters, a basic three level NPC (Neutral Point Clamped ) topology as shown in Fig.  {\ref 5} is used \hyperref[b6]{[7,}\hyperref[b7]{8]}. 
\section[{Fig. 5 : Three level Neutral point clamped converter}]{Fig. 5 : Three level Neutral point clamped converter}\par
Each leg has four switching devices connected in series. As an example, phase "a" is considered to explain the behavior of the circuit.\par
The output of the inverter can take three voltage levels based on the switching states of the devices. The output Va is positive when switches S1a and S2a are ON, it is negative when S3a and S4a are turned ON, and it is '0' when switches S2a and S3a are ON. The switching states of the devices and the corresponding output voltages with respect to the dc mid-point are indicated in the following Table  {\ref I}.\par
The switching strategy of the series active filter is shown in Fig 6  {\ref .} In this technique, the reference signal is compared with measured signal, the error is amplified and processed by PWM generator to obtain Va\textunderscore PWM. This signal is compared with two triangular waves of different limits having unit magnitude. The switching control strategy of the shunt active converter is shown in  In this work, Phase Disposition multicarrier scheme is applied to Sinusoidal PWM. In this modulation, the reference sine wave is compared with the level shifted carrier triangular waves for producing the pulses. For a three level inverter, two triangular carrier waves of same frequency and amplitude are compared with the reference wave.  The plane is divided into 6 triangular major sectors numbered I to VI each of 60 0 of fundamental cycle. There are 4 minor sectors within each major sector such that 24 minor sectors are there in the plane.\par
The vertices of these minor sectors represent the voltage vectors. In the above plane, V0 is the zero voltage vector, large voltage vectors are represented by V13, V14, V15, V16, V17, V18 and V7, V8, V9, V10, V11, V12 are the medium voltage vectors. To determine the location of the command vector V* in a given major sector, first space vector phase angle' ?' is calculated and then sector is determined. The determination of major sector is done as follows:\par
Table I : Determination of major sector 
\section[{Range of '? '}]{Range of '? '}\par
Major sector number0 ? ? < 60 0 I 60 ? ? < 120 0 II 120 ? ? < 180 0 III 180 ? ? < 240 0 IV 240 ? ? < 300 0 V 300 ? ? < 360 0 VI\par
Let us consider space vector diagram of sector I as shown in Fig .  {\ref 9}. It contains 4 minor triangles D1, D7, D13 and D14. The reference vector can be located in any of these 4 regions, where each region is limited by three adjacent vectors.\par
If the triangular sector where the command vector lies is defined by vectors Vx, Vy, and Vz assuming their durations Tx, Ty, and Tz respectively and Tx + Ty + Tz = Ts ,then V*= Vref can be synthesized by Vx, Vy, and Vz as follows : (?/6<?<?/3), V* lies in sector D14 and can be synthesized by Vectors V2. V7, and V14. X, Y, and Z can be determined as follows:X = 2m [cos (?) - ?????? ? ?3 ] Y = -1 + m 4 ?????? ? ?3 Z = 2-2m [cos (?) + ?????? ? ?3 ]\par
Similar argument can be applied ,when the reference vector lies in the others major sectors. The above calculations for the entire coordinate plane can be obtained by replacing ? by ? -60 0 , ? -120 0 , ? -180 0 , ? -240 0 , and ? -300 0 respectively. 
\section[{V.}]{V.} 
\section[{Simulation Results}]{Simulation Results}\par
Simulations were carried out in MATLAB/ SIMULINK on three-level Neutral Point Clamped Unified Power Quality Conditioner connected to a non-linear load employing Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation techniques and the results are presented below. FFT analysis is carried out in order to measure \%THD in the load voltage and source current.\par
To study the performance of the UPQC, 5 th and 7 th harmonics are deliberately injected into the system and simulations were carried out to show the response of the UPQC.  The series inverter is put into operation at 0.2sec and shunt inverter at 0.5sec.FFT analysis is carried out on the load voltage at 0.1sec and the THD is found to be 12.32\%. In the second analysis, FFT is done at 0.8sec i.e. after connecting UPQC and THD is reduced to 2.01\% FFT analysis of source current FFT analysis of source current before connecting UPQC FFT analysis of source current after connecting UPQC FFT analysis is carried out on the source current at 0.1sec before connecting UPQC and the THD is found to be 33.97\%. In the second analysis, FFT is done at 0.6sec after connecting UPQC and THD is 2.01\% b) Simulation results of 3level UPQC with SVPWM      \hyperref[fig_13]{19}, it is clear that the harmonics are reduced to some extent after 0.1 sec where series filter is switched ON and from 0.25sec onwards there is a considerable reduction in the harmonics as both filters are in operation. 
\section[{FFT analysis of load voltage}]{FFT analysis of load voltage}\par
FFT analysis of load voltage before connecting UPQC FFT analysis of load voltage after connecting UPQC FFT analysis is carried out on the load voltage at 0.05sec before switching ON series and shunt inverters and the THD is found to be 12.32\%. FFT analysis of load voltage again carried out at 0.3sec after connecting both series and shunt filters and THD is found to be 1.27\%.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
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\noindent\textbf{9122}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Fig. 9 :Case 1 : 2 X + 1 2 (}\end{figure}
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\caption{\label{fig_11}}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{18}\includegraphics[]{image-14.png}
\caption{\label{fig_12}Fig. 18 :}\end{figure}
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\caption{\label{fig_13}Fig. 19 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{.} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.2668604651162791\textwidth}P{0.09883720930232558\textwidth}P{0.09883720930232558\textwidth}P{0.10872093023255815\textwidth}P{0.27674418604651163\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{4}{l}{SWITCHING STATES}\tabcellsep OUTPUT\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep VOLTAGE\\
S1a\tabcellsep S2a\tabcellsep S3a\tabcellsep S4a\tabcellsep Va\\
ON\tabcellsep ON\tabcellsep OFF\tabcellsep OFF\tabcellsep +Vdc/2\\
OFF\tabcellsep OFF\tabcellsep ON\tabcellsep ON\tabcellsep -Vdc/2\\
OFF\tabcellsep ON\tabcellsep ON\tabcellsep OFF\tabcellsep 0\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table . I}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
FFT analysis of source current after connecting UPQC FFT analysis is carried out on the source current at 0.07sec before connecting UPQC and the THD is found to be 33.97\%. In the second analysis, FFT is done at 0.6sec after connecting UPQC and measured THD is 0.61\% The above results are shown in the form of graphs for better understanding\par
The above table and graphs clearly show that the \% THD of both load voltage and source current is less with SVPWM when compared to SPWM and within the prescribed limits of IEEE -519. 
\subsection[{VI. Conclusion}]{VI. Conclusion}\par
The performance of three level UPQC has been evaluated using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation techniques. To prove the effective compensation by UPQC, harmonics are deliberately injected into the source voltage and the UPQC has successfully reduced harmonics from load voltage and source current. The \%THD content in the load voltage and source current after compensation is very less and comply with IEEE-519. The simulation results show that the Total Harmonic Distortion of the load voltage after UPQC is put into operation is less in case of SVPWM compared to SPWM. 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
