@incollection{,
	
					
					
					D86C713D2515FBF6B17C543152A01D8A
				,
	author={{Andrew O.Odeh} and {North-West University}},
	journal={{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}},
	journal={{GJRE}}2249-45960975-586110.34257/gjre,
	address={Cambridge, United States},
	publisher={Global Journals Organisation}154516
}

@incollection{b0,
	
	
		,
	title={{Carbon particle type characterization of the carbon behavior impacting on a commercial-scale Sasol-Lurgi FBDB gasifier}}
		,
	author={{
			JRBunt
		} and {
			NJWagner
		} and {
			FBWaanders
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			88
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b1,
	
	
		,
	title={{An approach to the use of fixed carbon -volatile matter graph}}
		,
	author={{
			MRadovanovic
		} and {
			GJankes
		}}
		
	
	
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	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			65
			
			,
	year={1986}
		
	

}

@incollection{b2,
	
	
		,
	title={{On the correlation of moist fuel ratio of coal with its spontaneous combustion temperature}}
		,
	author={{
			BKMazumdar
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			75
			
			,
	year={1996}
		
	

}

@incollection{b3,
	
	
		,
	title={{Pulverized coal combustion characteristics of high-fuel-ratio coals}}
		,
	author={{
			RKurose
		} and {
			MIkeda
		} and {
			HMakino
		} and {
			MKimoto
		} and {
			TMiyazaki
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			83
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b4,
	
	
		,
	title={{Devolatilization and combustion characteristics of coal particles}}
		,
	author={{
			SCSaxena
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Progress in Energy Combustion and Science}}
		
			16
			
			,
	year={1990}
		
	

}

@incollection{b5,
	
	
		,
	title={{Coal conversion submodels for design applications at elevated pressures. Part I. Devolatilization and char oxidation}}
		,
	author={{
			PRSolomon
		} and {
			MASerio
		} and {
			Em ;Suuberg
		} and {
			SNiksa
		} and {
			G.-SLiu
		} and {
			RHHurt
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Progess in Energy and Combustion Science}}
		
			29
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	
	,
	note={Coal pyrolysis: experiments, kinetic rates and 7}

}

@incollection{b6,
	
	
		,
	title={{Formation of the structure of chars during devolatilization of pulverized coals and its thermoproperties: a review}}
		,
	author={{
			JYu
		} and {
			JALucas
		} and {
			TFWall
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Progress in Energy and Combustion}}
		
			33
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b7,
	
	
		,
	title={{A kinetic model of carbon burnout in pulverized coal combustion}}
		,
	author={{
			RHunt
		} and {
			J.-KSun
		} and {
			MLunden
		}}
		
		
	
	
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	journal={{Combustion and Flame}}
		
			113
			
			,
	year={1988}
		
	

}

@incollection{b8,
	
	
		,
	title={{Coal as a source of oil: a review}}
		,
	author={{
			RwtWilkins
		} and {
			SCGeorge
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			50
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b9,
	
	
		,
	title={{Comparison of the elemental composition of macerals determined by electron microprobe to whole-coal ultimate analysis data}}
		,
	author={{
			CRWard
		} and {
			ZLi
		} and {
			LWGurba
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			75
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b10,
	
	
		,
	title={{Changes in the chemical structure of low rank coal after low temperature oxidation or demineralization by acid treatment}}
		,
	author={{
			JKister
		} and {
			MGuiliano
		} and {
			GMille
		} and {
			HDou
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			67
			
			,
	year={1988}
		
	

}

@incollection{b11,
	
	
		,
	title={{Carbon NMR of coals: the effects of coal type and rank}}
		,
	author={{
			RPSuggate
		} and {
			WWDickinson
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			57
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b12,
	
	
		,
	title={{Phase-mineral and chemical composition of fractions separated from composite fly ashes at the Soma power station}}
		,
	author={{
			SVVassilev
		} and {
			CGVassileva
		} and {
			AIKarayigit
		} and {
			YBulut
		} and {
			AAlastuey
		} and {
			XQuerol
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			61
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	

}

@incollection{b13,
	
	
		,
	title={{Characteristics and composition of fly ash from Canadian coal-fired power plants}}
		,
	author={{
			FGoodarzi
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			85
			
			,
	year={2006}
		
	

}

@incollection{b14,
	
	
		,
	title={{Effect of inorganic matter removal from coal and chars on their surface area}}
		,
	author={{
			OPMahajan
		} and {
			PLWalkerJr
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			58
			
			,
	year={1979}
		
	

}

@incollection{b15,
	
	
		,
	title={{Changes to the organic functional groups of an inertinite rich medium rank bituminous coal during acid treatment processes}}
		,
	author={{
			CAStrydom
		} and {
			JRBunt
		} and {
			HHSchobert
		} and {
			MRaghoo
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel Processing Technology}}
		
			92
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b16,
	
	
		,
	title={{Comparative study of the aromaticity of the coal structure during the char formation process under both conventional and advanced analytical techniques}}
		,
	author={{
			AOdeh
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Energy & Fuels}}
		
			29
			
			,
	year={2015}
		
	

}

@incollection{b17,
	
	
		,
	title={{The size of polyaromatic layer of coal char estimated from elemental analysis data}}
		,
	author={{
			KMatsuoka
		} and {
			TAkahane
		} and {
			HAso
		} and {
			ASharma
		} and {
			ATomita
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			87
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@book{b18,
	
	
		,
	title={{Exploring the potential of petrographics in understanding coal pyrolysis}}
		,
	author={{
			AOdeh
		}}
		
			,
	year={2015}
			87
			
			,
	address={Energy}
		
	

}

@incollection{b19,
	
	
		,
	title={{Structural changes in humic acids during the coalification process}}
		,
	author={{
			JVIbarra
		} and {
			RJuan
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			64
			
			,
	year={1985}
		
	

}

@incollection{b20,
	
	
		,
	title={{International A new mechanistic model for prediction of instantaneous coal outburstsdedicated to the memory of Prof}}
		,
	author={{
			KPChen
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			87
			
			,
	year={2011}
			,
	publisher={Daniel D. Joseph}
		
	

}

@incollection{b21,
	
	
		,
	title={{Textural properties of chars as determined by petrographic analysis: Comparison between air-blown, oxygen-blown and oxygen enriched gasification}}
		,
	author={{
			BOOboirien
		} and {
			ADEngelbrecht
		} and {
			BCNorth
		} and {
			VMDu Cann
		} and {
			RFalcon
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			101
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b22,
	
	
		,
	title={{X-ray diffraction parameters and reaction rate modeling for gasification and combustion of chars derived from inertinite-rich coals}}
		,
	author={{
			RCEverson
		} and {
			GNOkolo
		} and {
			HwjpNeomagus
		} and {
			J-MSantos
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			109
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b23,
	
	
		,
	title={{Petrographic aspects of coal structure: reactivity of macerals in laboratory and natural environments}}
		,
	author={{
			DGMurchison
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			70
			
			,
	year={1991}
		
	

}

@incollection{b24,
	
	
		,
	title={{Vitrinite reflectance property change during heating under inert conditions}}
		,
	author={{
			JKomorek
		} and {
			RMorga
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			54
			
			,
	year={2003}
		
	

}

@incollection{b25,
	
	
		,
	title={{The characterization of weathered discard coals and their behavior during combustion}}
		,
	author={{
			NJWagner
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			87
			
			,
	year={2008}
		
	

}

@incollection{b26,
	
	
		,
	title={{The petrographic determination of reactivity differences of two South African inertinite-rich lump coals}}
		,
	author={{
			NMalumbazo
		} and {
			NJWager
		} and {
			JRBunt
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis}}
		
			93
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b27,
	
	
		,
	title={{Combustion characteristics of high ash coal in a pulverized coal combustion}}
		,
	author={{
			RKurose
		} and {
			MIkeda
		} and {
			HMakino
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			80
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b28,
	
	
		,
	title={{Pulverized coal combustion characteristics of high fuel ratios coals}}
		,
	author={{
			RKurose
		} and {
			MIkeda
		} and {
			HMakino
		} and {
			MKimoto
		} and {
			TMiyazaki
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			83
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b29,
	
	
		,
	title={{Pore volume and surface area of the carboniferous coals from the Zonguldak basin (NW Turkey) and their variations with rank and maceral composition}}
		,
	author={{
			GGürdal
		} and {
			MNYal?in
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			48
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b30,
	
	
		,
	title={{Effect of demineralization on hydrogen transfer of coal with tritiated gaseous hydrogen}}
		,
	author={{
			AIshihara
		} and {
			IPSutrisna
		} and {
			IFinahari
		} and {
			EWQian
		} and {
			TKabe
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel Processing Technology}}
		
			85
			
			,
	year={2004}
		
	

}

@incollection{b31,
	
	
		,
	title={{The estimation of char reactivity from coal reflectogram}}
		,
	author={{
			PRosenberg
		} and {
			HIPetersen
		} and {
			E ;Thomsen
		} and {
			LGTang
		} and {
			RPGupta
		} and {
			CDSheng
		} and {
			TFWall
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			84
			
			,
	year={2005}
		
	
	,
	note={Combustion char morphology related to 36}

}

@incollection{b32,
	
	
		,
	title={{Pyrolysis behavior of vitrinite and inertinite from Chinese Pingshuo coal by TG-MS and a fixed bed reactor}}
		,
	author={{
			YZhao
		} and {
			HHu
		} and {
			JinLHe
		} and {
			XWu
		} and {
			B
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel Processing Technology}}
		
			92
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b33,
	
	
		,
	title={{Effect of volatile matter release on optical properties of macerals from different rank coals}}
		,
	author={{
			AGuerrero
		} and {
			MADiez
		} and {
			AGBorrego
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			114
			
			,
	year={2013}
		
	

}

@incollection{b34,
	
	
		,
	title={{Structural changes in coal chars after pressurized pyrolysis}}
		,
	author={{
			FJimenez
		} and {
			FMondragon
		} and {
			DLopez
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis}}
		
			95
			
			,
	year={2012}
		
	

}

@incollection{b35,
	
	
		,
	title={{Influence of pyrolysis temperature on char optical texture and reactivity}}
		,
	author={{
			MjgAlonso
		} and {
			AGBorrego
		} and {
			DAlvarez
		} and {
			JBParra
		} and {
			RMenendez
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis}}
		
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b36,
	
	
		,
	title={{Assessing the catalytic effect of coal ash constituents on the CO 2 gasification rate of high ash, South African coal}}
		,
	author={{
			BBHattingh
		} and {
			RCEverson
		} and {
			HwjpNeomagus
		} and {
			JRBunt
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel Processing Technology}}
		
			92
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b37,
	
	
		,
	title={{Application of attenuated total reflectance micro-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to the study of coal macerals: Examples from the Bowen Basin}}
		,
	author={{
			ZLi
		} and {
			PMFredericks
		} and {
			LRintoul
		} and {
			CRWard
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Australia. International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			70
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b38,
	
	
		,
	title={{The evolution of char surface area along pulverized coal combustion}}
		,
	author={{
			DAlvarez
		} and {
			AGBorrego
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Energy and Fuels}}
		
			21
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b39,
	
	
		,
	title={{Determination of aromaticities and other structural features of Australian coals using solid state 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopies}}
		,
	author={{
			SSupaluknari
		} and {
			FPLarkins
		} and {
			PRedlich
		} and {
			WRJackson
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel Processing Technology}}
		
			23
			
			,
	year={1989}
		
	

}

@incollection{b40,
	
	
		,
	title={{On the relationship between carbon aromaticities and H/C ratios for bituminous coals}}
		,
	author={{
			BKMazumdar
		}}
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			78
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b41,
	
	
		,
	title={{Relationship between carbon aromaticities and H/C ratios for bituminous coals}}
		,
	author={{
			MMMaroto-Valer
		} and {
			GDLove
		} and {
			CESnape
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			73
			
			,
	year={1994}
		
	

}

@incollection{b42,
	
	
		,
	title={{Verification of the linear relationship between between carbon aromaticities and H/C ratios for bituminous coals}}
		,
	author={{
			MMMaroto-Valer
		} and {
			JMAndrésen
		} and {
			CESnape
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			77
			
			,
	year={1998}
		
	

}

@incollection{b43,
	
	
		,
	title={{Study of Colombian coals using photoacoustic Fourier combustion temperature and coal petrography}}
		,
	author={{
			JAOrrego-Ruiz
		} and {
			RCabanzo
		} and {
			EMejía-Ospino
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			75
			
			,
	year={1996}
		
	

}

@incollection{b44,
	
	
		,
	title={{Evaluation of char fuel ratio in municipal pyrolysis waste}}
		,
	author={{
			YMatsuzawa
		} and {
			MAyabe
		} and {
			JNishino
		} and {
			NKubota
		} and {
			MMotegi
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{International Journal of Coal Geology}}
		
			83
			
			,
	year={2004. 2011}
		
	
	,
	note={Fuel}

}

@book{b45,
	
	
		,
	title={{Combustion reactivity and}}
		,
	author={{
			H.-YCai
		} and {
			AJGuell
		} and {
			INChatzakis
		} and {
			J.-YLim
		} and {
			DYDugwell
		} and {
			RKandiyoti
		}}
		
		
		
		
		
		
	

}

@incollection{b46,
	
	
		,
	title={{Variation in the degree of aromatic condensation of chars}}
		,
	author={{
			AVMcbeath
		} and {
			RJSmernik
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Organic Geochemistry}}
		
			40
			
			,
	year={2009}
		
	

}

@incollection{b47,
	
	
		,
	title={{Evolution of char chemistry, crystallinity, and ultrafine structure during pulverized-coal combustion}}
		,
	author={{
			KADavis
		} and {
			RHHurt
		} and {
			NycYang
		} and {
			TJHeadley
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Combustion and Flame}}
		
			100
			
			,
	year={1995}
		
	

}

@incollection{b48,
	
	
		,
	title={{The study of textural and structural transformations of carbonized anthracites}}
		,
	author={{
			SPusz
		} and {
			SDuber
		} and {
			BKwiecinska
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel Processing Technology}}
		
			77
			
			,
	year={2002}
		
	

}

@incollection{b49,
	
	
		,
	title={{Thermal modification of the pore structure of a North Dakota lignite}}
		,
	author={{
			HDBale
		} and {
			MLCarlson
		} and {
			HHSchobert
		}}
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			65
			
			,
	year={1986}
		
	

}

@incollection{b50,
	
	
		,
	title={{Optical parameters as a tool to study the microstructural evolution of carbonized anthracites using high-temperature treatment}}
		,
	author={{
			ISuarez-Ruiz
		} and {
			ABGarcia
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Energy and Fuels}}
		
			21
			
			,
	year={2007}
		
	

}

@incollection{b51,
	
	
		,
	title={{Physicochemical transformations of coal particles during pyrolysis and gasification}}
		,
	author={{
			MjgAlonso
		} and {
			AGBorrego
		} and {
			DAlvarez
		} and {
			WKalkreuth
		} and {
			RMenendez
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			80
			
			,
	year={2001}
		
	

}

@incollection{b52,
	
	
		,
	title={{A reactivity study of chars obtained at different temperatures in relation to their petrographic characteristics}}
		,
	author={{
			MjgAlonso
		} and {
			AGBorrego
		} and {
			DAlvarez
		} and {
			RMenendez
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Fuel}}
		
			78
			
			,
	year={1999}
		
	

}

@incollection{b53,
	
	
		,
	title={{Particle size, porosity and temperature effects on char conversion}}
		,
	author={{
			IIAhmed
		} and {
			AKGupta
		}}
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Applied Energy}}
		
			88
			
			,
	year={2011}
		
	

}

@incollection{b54,
	
	
		,
	title={{Solid state C NMR characterization of matched tars and chars from rapid coal devolatilization}}
		,
	author={{
			STPerry
		} and {
			EMHambly
		} and {
			THFletcher
		} and {
			MSSolum
		} and {
			RJPugmire
		}}
		
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Proceedings of the Combustion Institute}}
		
			28
			
			,
	year={2000}
		
	

}

@incollection{b55,
	
	
		,
	title={{Evolution of carbon structure in chemically activated wood}}
		,
	author={{
			MSSolum
		} and {
			RJPugmire
		} and {
			MJagtoyen
		} and {
			FDerbyshire
		}}
		
		
		
	
	
		,
	journal={{Carbon}}
		
			33
			
			,
	year={1995}
		
	

}