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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Rustam B.  Rustamov}

             \author[2]{Sefer  Kurnaz}

             \author[3]{Bahar N.  Aliyeva}

             \affil[1]{  Institute of Physics}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2013 Accepted: 4 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is the technology where geospatial data can be represented in the graphic form integrated into the geotechnical, geologic and hydrologic information routinely used by geotechnical engineers. A GIS makes available a wide of forms of spatial data to be integrated, selected and sorted with any number of physical, chemical or any possible environmental factors.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{the geotechnical, geologic and hydrologic information routinely used by geotechnical engineers.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
here is no doubt that Remote Sensing method is the instrument for development of GIS. It is obvious that GIS technology developments need collection of initial data based on aero and space information. A Remotely Sensed information required for GIS technology applications needed to be processed depending of kind of problem necessary to be solved.\par
Major areas of space science and technology applications in study of soil are following:  
\section[{Data Access in gis Developments}]{Data Access in gis Developments}\par
It is important stage of GIS developments to start from the segments of data collections based on Remote Sensing method use (Figure  {\ref 1}). A quality of final product in geotechnical investigations depends how correct and right Remote Sensing data shall be used for GIS technology application.\par
The fact is that the most expensive and time consuming component of GIS has been data access due to the lack of sufficient information in the area for the reason of limited store of geotechnical information in electronic format. There is number of problems even with available information which needed to be edited as some objects on older maps has to be corrected and specified. Some paper maps can be scanned electronically as raster images, which convert map lines to a series of points and digits. Many GIS were formulated to emphasize spatial relationships between mapped objects and such boundaries are usually represented by a line. The line may be a road, mapped boundary, or some sort of link between two other points of interest. Civil infrastructure elements, such as roads, may not be reflected accurately, in terms of absolute scale, but simply represented by a default line width(s) coded into the mapping software. This condition creates limitation in application mainly in GIS developments especially in dynamic change studies where necessary correct base information for correlation and comparison old and existing current situations. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{Stage of Data Integration}]{Stage of Data Integration}\par
GIS makes possible to mix or integrate information that would otherwise be difficult to associate through other means. These could be soil chemical contamination, physical-mechanical properties in the form of scanned, geo-referenced and sandwiched with other kinds of data, such as topographic and geologic maps. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Data Structures}]{Data Structures}\par
Digital geospatial data is collected and stored in many different formats. A GIS must be used to convert data from one type of structure to another. Satellite data can usually be "read" into the GIS in a raster format. Raster data files consist of rows of uniform cells coded according to data values. Raster files can be manipulated quickly by computer, but they are often less detailed and may be less visually appealing than vector data files. Vector digital data files have been captured as points, lines (a series of point coordinates) or areas (shapes bounded by lines). A typical vector file would be tax assessor's parcel maps \hyperref[b0]{[1,}\hyperref[b1]{2]}.\par
V. 
\section[{Data Modeling}]{Data Modeling}\par
VI. 
\section[{Outcomes}]{Outcomes}\par
One of the important issue of GIS is its ability to produce pleasing graphics that convey analyses to decision makers and the public at-large. These analyses usually begin with entering any codified restrictions, such as structural setbacks. An attributes included can then be electronically combined and weighted according to arbitrary values set by the body ordering the analysis. Such kind of developed hybrid data in the form of maps frustrate many engineers because they can arbitrarily be weighted to restrict or even eliminate development from areas where the project's detractors reside on adjacent parcels with all the same attributes. There is the Sangachal Terminal is an industrial complex consisting of a natural gas processing plant and oil production plan. It makes very attractive and vital to monitor of the area with contamination as more as possible information in point of environmental and ecological condition assessment. In this case geotechnical investigations can be play a significant place in collection and processing of data based on use of modern technology applications. 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Geotechnical Investigations}]{Geotechnical Investigations}\par
Remote Sensing method and GIS technology is key instrument in consideration of approaches of data collection for decision makers as well as suitable way in data storage for the future access.\par
Shah Deniz flare area is located adjacent to the Sangachal Terminal and lies within the Garadagh District, which includes Baku and then extends south along the Caspian coast to the south of Alyat. The Garadagh District was established in 1923 and comprises five city settlements including Lokbatan, which is the District's administrative center. The four J e XIV Issue VI Version I GIS allows two and three-dimensional characteristics of the Earth's surface, subsurface or atmosphere from geospatial data. Some common examples of data modeling would be creating isohyets based on different initial information sources. These data models can then be combined with other types of information layers in the GIS \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b3]{4]}. Some common examples would be combining measured different information sources with elevation, or the thickness of a certain geologic formation (isopach) as compared to the depth to its upper surface (isopleth) where available. communities in the immediate vicinity of the Terminal (Sangachal Town, Umid, Masiv3 and Azim Kend) are likely to be the most directly affected by the socioeconomic impacts of Shah Deniz flare project. 
\section[{b) Field Geotechnical Works i. Drilling and sampling}]{b) Field Geotechnical Works i. Drilling and sampling}\par
Drilling at the Shah Deniz flare area started immediately after realization of detailed geodetic and topographic investigation. During the drilling process, the samples were obtained and the whole information about the site, depth of boreholes, date and number of samples were recorded.\par
ii. Standard penetration test (SPT)\par
The SPT method covers the determination of the resistance to soils at the base of a borehole to the penetration of the split-barrel sampler when driven dynamically in a standard manner, and the obtaining of a disturbed sample for identification purposes.\par
iii. Soil electrical resistivity test Soil resistivity is dependent on moisture content and temperature as well as on soil constituents, so that it can vary seasonally and progressively due to the hydrological trends such as changing water tables or continuous drainage.\par
Soil resistivity is generally measured by driving three equally spaced test spikes to a depth of up to 1m, the depth not exceeding 5\% of their separation a. It's important to ensure that their resistance areas do not overlap. Current is passed between electrode X, the one being tested, and an auxiliary current electrode Y. The voltage drop between electrode X and a second auxiliary electrode Z is measured and the resistance of the electrode X is then the voltage between X and Z divided by the current flowing between X and Y. The source of current and the means of metering either the current and voltage or their ratio are often, but not necessarily, combined in one device. 
\section[{VIII. Laboratory Tests}]{VIII. Laboratory Tests}\par
There is no doubt that collected field data for geotechnical investigation required to be processed in laboratory condition. The following tests have been conducted for soil samples collected from investigated area. 
\section[{a) Moisture Content}]{a) Moisture Content}\par
The water content is determined by drying selected moist/wet soil material (the mass of moist soil material is not less than 30g) for at least 18 hours to a constant mass in a drying oven at 105°C up to 110°C. The difference in mass before and after drying is used as the mass of the water in the test material. The mass of material remaining after drying is used as the mass of the solid particles. The ratio of the mass of water to the measured mass of solid particles is the water content of the material. 
\section[{b) Particle size analysis}]{b) Particle size analysis}\par
Particle size analysis can be performed by means of sieving and/or hydrometer readings. Sieving is carried out for particles that would be retained on a 0.063mm sieve, while additional hydrometer readings may be carried out when a significant fraction of the material passes a 0.063mm sieve. 
\section[{c) Bulk density}]{c) Bulk density}\par
The bulk density of a soil, ? is the mass per unit volume of the soil deposit including any water it contains. The dry density ? d is the mass of dry soil contained in a unit volume. Both are expressed in Mg/cm 3 . 
\section[{d) Atterberg limits}]{d) Atterberg limits}\par
Atterberg limits are determined on soil specimens with a particle size of less that 0.425mm. If necessary, coarser material is removed by dry sieving. The Atterberg limits refer to arbitrarily defined boundaries between the liquid and plastic states (Liquid Limit, w L ), and between the plastic and brittle states (Plastic Limit, w p ) of fine-grained soils. They are expressed as water content, in percent. 
\section[{e) Unconsolidated-undrainedtriaxial compression test}]{e) Unconsolidated-undrainedtriaxial compression test}\par
This test method covers determination of the strength and stress-strain relationship of a cylindrical specimen of either undisturbed or remolded cohesive soil. Specimens are subjected to a confining fluid pressure in a triaxial chamber. No drainage of the specimen is permitted during the test. The specimen is sheared in compression without drainage at a constant rate of axial deformation. 
\section[{f) Direct shear test}]{f) Direct shear test}\par
The soil is dried and sieved with 5mm sieve, wetted and placed in the ring of the shear device. Key parameters that can be obtained from this test are angle of internal friction ? (grad) and cohesion ? (kPa) determined from the plot ? = f (?) for three points. g) One-dimensional consolidation properties of soils (Oedometer test)\par
The Oedometer test covers determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of a laterally restrained soil specimen, which is axially loaded in increments of constant stress until the excess pore water pressures have dissipated for each increment.\par
The key parameters obtained from this test are voids ratio e, deformation modulus E, preconsolidation pressure and the compression index C c . 
\section[{h) Collapse potential of soils}]{h) Collapse potential of soils}\par
This test method is used to determine the magnitude of potential collapse that may occur for a given vertical (axial) stress and an index for rating the potential for collapse.  
\section[{J}]{J}\par
The test method consists of placing a soil specimen at natural water content in a consolidometer, applying a predetermined applied vertical stress to the specimen with fluid to induce the potential collapse in the soil specimen. The fluid should be distilled water when evaluating the collapse index, I e . The fluid may simulate pore water of the specimen or other field condition as necessary when evaluating collapse potential I c . 
\section[{i) Determination of permeability of soils}]{i) Determination of permeability of soils}\par
The permeability of a soil is a measure of its capacity to allow the flow of water through the pore space between solid particles. The degree of permeability is determined by applying a hydraulic pressure gradient in a sample of saturated soil and measuring the consequent rate of flow. The coefficient of permeability is expressed as a velocity. j) Maximum dry density and optimum water content (Proctor test)\par
An indication of the state of compaction of a cohesionless (free-draining) soil is obtained by relating its dry density to its maximum and minimum possible densities (the limiting densities). The tests described in this section enable these parameters to be determined for cohesionless soils. 
\section[{k) Soil chemical analysis}]{k) Soil chemical analysis}\par
Chemical analyses of soil is carried out to determine chloride, sulphate, calcium carbonate content, pH.\par
Soil pH is one of the most common measurements in soil laboratories. It reflects whether a soil is acid, neutral, basic or alkaline.\par
Depending on the amount of sulphate in contact with the concrete, it may be necessary to protect the concrete with a plastic liner, sulphate resistant concrete mix, or a protective adhesive coating. 
\section[{IX Data Processing Stage}]{IX Data Processing Stage}\par
Figure2 shows location of areas selected for geotechnical investigations. It reflects of points (red color) conducted measurements into the mapping system. The number of points required to be investigated on geotechnical parameters definitions depend of engineering task and scope of work reflected in the project requirements. This circumstance finds of accuracy of conducted engineering service. In some cases it become very expensive in conducting huge numbers of geotechnical investigations. It relates of the scale of area needed to be investigated and type of engineering facilities intended to be constructed. It is highly important definition of the process of GIS development in geotechnical investigations. Figure  {\ref 1} describes segments of data collection from different sources and that integration \hyperref[b6]{[7]}.\par
It has been considered to develop layers for GIS presentation following performance:\par
? Soil investigation data;\par
? Chemical contamination;\par
? Physical and mechanical properties of soil;\par
? Ground water condition of soil ? Land Use/Land Cover;\par
? Geodetic and topographic data.\par
It can be integrated into GIS layers a more geotechnical data depends of requirements of engineering solutions for the selected. The main available information is tied to various forms of georeferenced information. It is required accurate merging topographic map with space image for Global Journal of Researches in Engineering selected area to achieve demanded cartographic corrections. Anexcellent advantage of GIS is its incorporate processing subroutines that can transform older data to modern coordinates if a sufficient number of georeferencing points can be co-located on both the old and new maps. These georeference points may be established and constructed benchmarks (state or installed), old structures, roads, or even above-ground power lines; anything that can be identified on both maps in the GIS.\par
In Figure  {\ref 4is} shown results of data imposed on the space image for selected area.In the figure has been used a space image with spatial resolution of 1m. It is enough high resolution which is more than enough for the case of geotechnical studies of selected area.  
\section[{X Conclusion}]{X Conclusion}\par
This paper describes geotechnical investigations of selected area in Absheron peninsula, Azerbaijan. It contents of measurements of geotechnical data such as standard penetration test, soil electrical resistivity test, laboratory processing of filed data, moisture content, particle size analysis, maximum dry density and optimum water content (proctor test), determination of maximum density of sands, determination of maximum density of gravelly soils, derivation of density index, bulk density, atterberg limits, unconsolidated-undrainedtriaxial compression test, direct shear test, one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils (oedometer test), collapse potential of soils, determination of permeability of soils. There is no doubt that it is an excellent source reflecting soil condition which can be used for engineering solution in any stage of implementation< tender package preparation, design and construction.\par
At the same time integration of geotechnical data into the GIS developed on the base of space data collected by method of remote sensing is an advantage of application of outcomes in a wide areas of engineering such as project coordination and management, construction, supervision where is required to use suitable and simplicity of data access.\par
In the meantime the use of data integrated into GIS makes possible to link of existing information to the coordinate system which is very important in all stages of achievements.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
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