# INTRODUCTION oncrete pavements by far have the best longterm value because of their longer life expectations, durability and minimum maintenance requirements. The rigidity of concrete pavements allows them to keep the riding surface in good condition. Concrete pavements can be designed to last for more than 25 years. Concrete pavements frequently outlast both their designed life expectancy and traffic loads. The durability of concrete minimizes the need for extensive repairs or annual maintenance. When repairs are necessary, they are typically smaller in scope than the asphalt pavements. Concrete's rigid surface makes it easier for wheels to roll, thus reduces operation cost of vehicles. Pavements are generally subjected to axle loads varying from 30kN to 250kN. While designing the pavements the cumulative damage factor is taken into account in order to incorporate all categories of axle loads applications. Loads of different magnitudes cause different amount of damage to the pavement. Fatigue and fracture has become an important consideration in the design of structures subjected to repeat or cyclic loading conditions. The fatigue performance generally depends on material characteristics, geometry, stressstrain history and environment among other factors which occur at random during the intended life of the structure as a result high performance concrete (HPC) is essential for rigid pavements. High Performance Concretes produced today contain materials in addition to Portland cement to achieve higher compressive strength and durability. The materials include fly ash, silica fume, ground-granulated blast furnace slag etc. used separately or in combination. At the same time, chemical admixtures such as high-range water-reducers are needed to ensure that the concrete is easy to transport, place and finish. For high-strength concretes, a combination of mineral and chemical admixtures is nearly always essential to ensure achievement of the required strength. The structural deteriorations in cement concrete pavements are noticed in the form of cracks stress at critical regions. The stresses developed in rigid pavement include load stress, shrinkage/expansion stress and temperature stress. Temperature stresses develop due to the change in temperature from top to the bottom region of the concrete slab. Temperature along depth of the slab is to be recorded to determine thermal stresses. Thermocouples are used to record the temperature. Thermocouples are the most popular temperature sensors. They are cheap, interchangeable, have standard connectors and can measure a wide range of temperatures. Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals or calibrations. Because thermocouples measure in wide temperature ranges and can be relatively rugged, they are very often used in industry. The location for casting the slab is identified such that it is exposed to sun light. The slab is directly cast on earth surface. The surface is prepared before casting. Thermocouples are fixed to wooden beads of size 10x10mm at 3 levels that is 25mm from top 25mm from bot-tom and at the center of the bead as shown in The wooden bead is placed in the mould, Concrete is poured into the mould first around the thermocouple bead and then in three layers and compacted as shown in Figure 3. # Results and Discussion The results obtained from the present investigation conducted on HPC slabs and discussions are presented in this chapter. # a) Cube Compressive Strength The cube specimen of PQC, HVFAC & HVMPC mixes is tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. The cube compressive test results for all mixes are shown in Table . It observed that there is an increase in cube compressive strength with increase in number of days of curing. PQC gain early compressive strength compared to HVFAC. From test results it is observed that the compressive strength of HVMPC is lesser than that of PQC & HVFAC at 56 days of curing. Cube f) The maximum positive and negative temperature stress in high volume marble powder concrete slab are 0.1047 N/mm 2 and -0.0228 N/mm 2 respectively. # V. CONCLUSION ? High volume fly-ash concrete slabs are found to gain compressive strength in gradual pattern. The compressive strength is more at higher curing ages i.e. 56 days & 90 days. ? The compressive strength of High Volume marble Powder Concrete is less at all curing ages i.e. 3,7,28 & 56 days when compared to PQC. ? The obtained temperature differentials for HVFAC & HVMPC are lower than suggested values and temperature difference by IRC 58-2002 for the design of concrete pavements. ? Initial cost of construction or maintenance for concrete overlays is more compared to bituminous overlays. But over a period of time concrete overlays prove more economical. ? Lesser the temperature difference in the HVFAC & HVMPC shows that warping stress in HVFAC & HVMPC pavement will be least than normal PQC. ? Since the compressive strength of HVMPC is less, therefore HVMPC is not recommended for construction of new pavements. ? Thus it can be concluded that HVFAC can be used for construction of new pavements when there is no restrictions for time limits. ? The reduction in total stresses in the pavements, hence the thicknesses will be less than conventional concrete pavements. # um ? Environmental parameters are to be considered to get realistic temperature differential in HPC pavements. # VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. D. S. Suresh Kumar, Director, CIT, I also thanks to Prof. M. Dhananjay for continuous guidance without which I would not come up with this paper, I also thanks to all teaching, non teaching staff of CIT College. ![a) Need for the study High Volume Fly ash Concrete (HVFAC) is being used for rigid pavements in recent times, the strength and durability properties of HVFAC and High Volume Marble Powder Concrete (HVMPC) are not the same as conventional Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC). The stresses induced due to temperature may very when compared to PQC. Hence there is a need to analyze the stresses induced due to temperature in HVFAC and HVMPC pavement. b) Objective of the study The main objectives of this study are to analyze the temperature stresses induced in CC slabs. Specific objectives are: ? To design a Controlled concrete mix and High Volume Fly Ash and High Volume Marble powder Concrete mix by replacing 50% of cement by fly ash and marble powder. ? To study the Temperature gradient along the depth of the concrete slabs, i.](image-2.png "") ![a) Casting of Concrete Slabs Slabs of size 500mmx500mm and thickness 150, 200, and 250mm are cast at the selected site. Marine ply wood moulds are prepared to cast the slabs.](image-3.png "") 1![](image-4.png "Figure 1 .") 1![Figure 1 : Moulds for Casting](image-5.png "Figure 1 :") 2![Figure 2 : Fixing of Thermocouple on wooden beads](image-6.png "Figure 2 :") 1e. for Pavement QualityConcrete, High Volume Fly ash Concrete and HighVolume Marble powder concrete slabs of differentthickness.? To check whether maximum recommendedtemperature differentials within the concrete roadsare as per IRC 58-2002, is within the limits fordifferent slab thickness.? Comparison of stresses in High Volume Fly ashCement Concrete Pavement, High Volume MarblePowder Concrete and Pavement Quality Concrete.II.Present Investigation 2PQC Slabs25 cm Thick20 cm Thick15 cm ThickHoursTM BTM BTM B7:00 AM 27.2 27.4 27.6 26.1 26.3 26.5 23.5 24.4 23.88:00 AM 27.5 27.4 27.4 26.2 26.2 26.2 25.6 25.2 25.59:00 AM 29.6 28.2 27.4 28.2 26.1 25.9 28.2 27.2 26.410:00AM 31.6 28.5 27.3 32 29.2 27.8 31.2 28.3 27.111:00AM 33.2 27.9 26.5 35.3 31.2 28.1 34.5 32.2 28.212:00 PM 36 31.2 27.3 36.1 32 28.6 36.7 28.3 29.21:00PM 39.9 32.4 28.5 39.2 33.1 30.3 40.2 34.5 31.22:00 PM 43.9 38.6 30.7 43.1 36.8 30.7 44.8 37.2 32.93:00 PM 42.5 36.2 32.9 42.7 36.8 34.3 43.5 39.3 35.14:00 PM 41.1 38.2 33.1 40.2 36.7 32.8 43.8 40.2 37.25:00 PM 39.5 36.8 33.9 39.8 37.1 34.5 42.5 39.7 37.76:00 PM 36.2 34.2 33.9 36.1 34.2 33.9 39.3 38.1 37.27:00 PM 33.9 33.9 33.9 33.4 33.3 33.4 36.2 36.2 36.38:00 PM 32 32.5 32.8 32 32.5 32.7 32.9 33.3 33.5 9:00 PM 31 31.9 32.7 31.2 31.9 32.6 30.3 31.2 31.9 10:00PM 29.8 31.2 32.6 29.3 30.8 31.8 28.5 29.9 30.8 11:00PM 28.8 30.8 32.3 28.3 30.2 31.4 27.2 29.2 30.1 12:00AM 28.3 29.3 31.4 27.8 28.8 30.6 26.3 28.2 28.8 1:00 AM 27.3 28.3 30.1 27.4 28.3 29.9 26.2 27.9 28.5 2:00 AM 27.1 28.2 29.6 27.2 28.3 29.3 25.8 27.2 27.8 3:00 AM 26.9 27.3 29.1 26.9 27.2 28.9 25.6 26.8 27.7 4:00 AM 26.3 26.9 27.8 26.5 27 28 25.5 26.4 26.9 5:00 AM 26.1 26.8 27.1 26.2 26.9 27.1 25.2 25.6 26.1 6:00 AM 25.6 36.1 26.3 25.9 26.2 26.5 24.8 25.1 25.3 Time of Day in Hours 325 cm Thick slab20 cm Thick slab15 cm Thick slabHoursTMBTMBTMB7:00 AM25.725.926.125.825.926.125.725.8268:00 AM25.925.82626.926.926.926.426.326.39:00 AM29.628.227.528.927.827.227.926.926.110:00AM34.231.329.733.230.528.531.929.127.811:00AM36.531.829.636.232.929.734.231.12812:00 PM41.235.43141.235.232.137.633.9301:00PM41.135.230.241.736.231.638.935.230.22:00 PM46.33934.248.142.237.446.342.237.13:00 PM45.537.233.345.840.435.543.739.3374:00 PM43.240.235.543.940.836.342.339.337.15:00 PM41.63835.141.639.136.240.43836.86:00 PM39.237.235.538.336.835.936.335.834.97:00 PM35.335.435.435.435.435.432.83332.98:00 PM35.135.435.833.63334.232.232.532.89:00 PM33.833.935.232.633.433.931.532.132.810:00PM32.534.234.831.332.833.230.431.932.111:00PM31.233.234.131.132.833.929.630.831.812:00AM30.932.333.430.731.23328.930.131.21:00 AM30.431.832.629.230.231.228.229.330.22:00 AM29.830.831.728.829.630.527.928.929.53:00 AM28.529.230.228.228.929.727.728.3294:00 AM28.329.329.527.928.528.927.227.228.25:00 AM28.128.229.127.127.628.126.927.527.66:00 AM27.727.928.326.927.227.426.426.626.9Time of Day in Hours 415Temperature differential0 5 101 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25c m 20c m-525 cm Thick slab20 cm Thick slab15 cm Thick slabHoursTMBTMBTMB7:00 AM26.226.3 26.5 25.3 25.425.6 26.226.526.88:00 AM26.526.5 26.5 28.1282827.927.827.89:00 AM2927.9 26.7 30.1 28.428.22826.926.410:00AM33.830.5 29.3 35.2 30.930.5 33.231.228.7 515Temperature differential0 5 101 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25cm 20cm 15cm-525 cm Thick20 cm Thick15 cm ThickHoursTBTBTB7:00 AM25.926.225.325.524.124.28:00 AM27.227.226.626.725.825.99:00 AM30.228.429.327.530.829.110:00AM36.630.934.429.233.829.111:00AM37.729.838.431.836.430.912:00 PM40.132.740.933.838.231.21:00PM40.93342.935.239.2322:00 PM48.336.947.837.643.533.23:00 PM44.335.944.336.541.934.84:00 PM41.535.241.835.441.435.25:00 PM39.335.239.435.339.735.8 VI25 cm Thick slab 20 cm Thick slab 15 cm Thick slabHoursTopBottomTop Bottom TopBottom7:00 AM27.427.827.127.525.125.48:00 AM2727.127.12726.326.39:00 AM28.826.828.927.228.426.810:00AM33.929.233.829.734.129.911:00AM37.730.837.631.535.630.212:00 PM42.333.142.133.338.730.91:00PM42.531.942.432.442.233.12:00 PM45.133.947.337.542.934.23:00 PM44.134.345.636.943.435.24:00 PM42.134.543.236.241.935.15:00 PM39.134.139.735.139.434.66:00 PM35.933.236.534.236.234.27:00 PM33.433.533.233.233.433.48:00 PM32.733.432.933.631.231.89:00 PM31.332.831.432.830.231.310:00PM30.832.530.631.929.730.311:00PM30.232.729.231.428.730.812:00AM29.631.628.930.728.329.91:00 AM29.331.228.23028.129.62:00 AM28.229.827.328.827.328.63:00 AM27.829.12728.226.9284:00 AM27.228.326.427.326.427.35:00 AM26.327.226.126.926.3276:00 AM25.926.625.926.526.226.7 825 cm Thick20 cm Thick15 cm ThickHoursTBTBTB7:00 AM25.926.225.325.524.124.28:00 AM27.227.226.626.725.825.99:00 AM30.228.429.327.530.829.110:00AM 36.630.934.429.233.829.111:00AM 37.729.838.431.836.430.912:00 PM 40.132.740.933.838.231.21:00PM40.93342.935.239.2322:00 PM47.336.946.837.642.533.23:00 PM44.335.944.336.541.934.84:00 PM41.535.241.835.441.435.25:00 PM39.335.239.435.339.735.86:00 PM37.335.236.734.937.335.87:00 PM34.134.233.433.333.733.78:00 PM31.231.930.230.831.431.99:00 PM29.831.529.330.829.63110:00PM2931.328.930.728.330.111:00PM 28.531.52830.427.229.512:00AM 28.230.727.829.726.428.41:00 AM27.930.127.529.226.528.22:00 AM27.529.227.228.926.327.93:00 AM27.328.626.928.125.9274:00 AM26.927.926.527.425.526.45:00 AM26.527.326.427.125.4266:00 AM26.42726.126.624.925.4 925 cm Thick20 cm Thick15 cm ThickHoursTBTBTB7:00 AM26.927.226.226.524.224.48:00 AM27.12726.526.626.326.49:00 AM29.227.129.227.228.726.910:00AM 35.831.334.930.234.630.511:00AM 38.431.937.631.237.130.912:00 PM 40.132.441.933.741.934.51:00PM42.833.942.834.343.235.12:00 PM47.437.146.837.847.738.83:00 PM44.635.945.537.446.137.84:00 PM41.835.343.537.243.436.55:00 PM39.23539.235.339.936.46:00 PM37.134.836.834.837.936.17:00 PM34.334.334.234.234.834.78:00 PM32.433.431.23229.830.59:00 PM29.631.130.431.828.73010:00PM 28.931.129.231.227.829.711:00PM 28.230.828.930.927.629.612:00AM 28.230.428.430.127.328.91:00 AM27.329.328.129.827.128.62:00 AM26.928.727.829.326.928.93:00 AM26.728.327.528.826.827.94:00 AM26.227.526.92826.327.15:00 AM25.826.926.227.125.826.66:00 AM25.426.225.926.625.726.3 1025 cm Thick20 cm Thick15 cm ThickHoursTBTBTB7:00 AM 26.2 26.525.225.5 25.425.68:00 AM 27.7 27.728.428.3 27.427.39:00 AM 29.2 26.830.328.2 31.129.110:00AM 32.2 28.335.331.5 35.631.511:00AM 35.2 29.838.93337.132.312:00 PM 39.8 32.341.234.1 40.934.11:00PM 43.9 35.344.335.2 42.334.22:00 PM 47.4 37.247.237.6 47.538.33:00 PM 45.8 37.146.938.3 46.2384:00 PM 41.7 35.74336.5 45.538.15:00 PM 39.6 35.540.236.2 41.937.86:00 PM 37.2 34.937.935.8 38.1367:00 PM 34.3 34.335.235.1 35.235.18:00 PM 32.5 33.331.532.2 31.932.49:00 PM 31.3 32.929.831.3 29.931.210:00PM 30.3 32.32930.9 29.330.811:00PM 29.3 31.728.130.3 28.530.512:00AM 28.2 30.327.829.7 28.129.91:00 AM 27.9 29.727.228.8 27.629.12:00 AM 27.3 28.826.827.9 27.228.83:00 AM 26.72826.527.8 26.928.44:00 AM 26.4 27.626.127.2 26.827.85:00 AM 26.12725.726.5 26.3276:00 AM 25.8 26.425.325.9 26.526.8 Comparison of Compressive Strength of PQC,HVFAC and HVMPC Mixes.Days of curingFly AshMarble PowderCube Compressive Strength Test Results ofNumberConventionalAdmixedAdmixedConcrete slab.Sl. Noof days of CuringPQC Mix (N/mm²)concrete Mix (N/mm²)Concrete mix (N/mm²)b) Static Flexural Strength The static flexural strength of PQC and HVFAC beam specimens were determined using two point1327.4822.0711.70loading method and the test results are shown in Table.2739.1128.7424.3732847.4142.9632.5945652.0055.7040.44Static Flexural Strength Test Results of Concrete slabsSl.NoNumber ofPQC -BeamsHVFAC -BeamsHVMPC -Beamsdays ofLoadFcrLoadFcrLoadFcrcuringKNN/mm 2KNN/mm 2KNN/mm 21311.250.510.50.4760.272715.250.68130.5710.750.4832818.250.8116.750.7414.250.63 © 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US) Study of Thermal Gradient in Concrete Slabs through Experimental Approach © 2014 Global Journals Inc. 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