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\title{Low Cost Construction Material for Concrete as Sawdust}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Smita  Singh}

             \author[2]{Dilip  Kumar}

             \affil[1]{  MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GORAKHPR}

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\date{\small \em Received: 7 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In this Research paper, was experimentally carried out to investigate the effects of introducing the cost between sand used concrete block and sawdust used concrete block. The concrete blocks are using coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, water and sawdust to mix it. Using some percentage of sawdust in place of sand in concrete for example replaces 10%, 15%, 20% of sawdust instead of sand and remaining is same. After the concrete blocks are done I am going to see the difference in weight between the originally concrete block and the sawdust concrete block. The unit density of the concrete block is tested also. Research paper has proved that saw dust Concrete can be used as a Structural Concrete at suitable replacement percentages.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{saw dust, structural properties.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
awdust is a by-product of cutting, grinding, drilling, sanding, or otherwise pulverizing wood with a saw or other tool; it is composed of fine particles of wood. Certain animals, birds and insects which live in wood, such as the carpenter ant are also responsible for producing the saw dust. Sawdust has a variety of other practical uses, including serving as mulch, as an alternative to clay cat litter, or as a fuel. Until the advent of refrigeration, it was often used in icehouses to keep ice frozen during the summer. It has been used in artistic displays, and as scatter. It is also sometimes used to soak up liquid spills, allowing the spill to be easily collected or swept aside. As such, it was formerly common on barroom floors. Mixed with water and frozen, it forms pyrite, a slow-melting, much stronger form of ice. Sawdust can be used as alternative substitute for fine aggregate in concrete production. Before using the saw dust it should be washed and cleaned. because of large amount of barks are present which can affect setting time and heat of hydration of cement. Concrete obtained from sawdust is a mixture of sawdust, gravel with certain percentage of water to entrance the workability and full hydration of the cement which provide great in bonding of the concrete. Sawdust concrete is light in weight and it has satisfactory heat insulation and fire resisting values. Nails can be driven and firmly hold in sawdust concrete compare to other lightweight concrete which nail can also easily drive in but fail to hold construction community might well be aware of, incorporating organic materials into solid concrete is not such a good idea to begin with. First of all, its loose molecular structure would cause the structure to fail at a certain stage and second, it would compete and retard the hydration process of cement. Also, presumptions indicate that if each sawdust particle took up enough water during hydration, they could aid the hydration process especially in the center parts of concrete that is impossible to cure with water thus eliminating the need of curing because water deposited in sawdust particles are being harvested by cement particles. The most important aspect and main target of the experiment are proving that sawdust-cement-gravel mixtures can prove to be more lightweight and cost efficient. Since sawdust is already waste then the cost would go down as well as weight cause of its extremely light unit weight. Sawdust is used in concrete more than 40 years. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Materials Used a) Saw dust}]{Materials Used a) Saw dust}\par
Sawdust is also known as wood dust. It is the by-product of cutting, drilling wood with a saw or any other tool; it is composed of fine particles of wood. Certain animals, birds and insects which live in wood, such as the carpenter ant are also responsible for producing the saw dust.\par
Sawdust's are produced as a small discontinuous chips or small fragments of wood during sawing of logs of timber into different sizes. The chips flow from the cutting edges of the saw blade to the floor during sawing operation. Cohesion C (KN/m 2 ) 7 5.\par
Angle of internal friction 30 0 6.\par
Un-soaked CBR (\%) 5.2 7.\par
Soaked CBR (\%) 2.95 8.\par
Free swell index 80 9.\par
Soil classification ML   ? Specific gravity =2.64? Fineness Modulus = 6.816 e) Water\par
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Mixing water should not contain undesirable organic substances or inorganic constituents in excessive proportions. In this project clean potable water is used. 
\section[{III.}]{III.}\par
Mix Design for m-20 Grade Concrete The free water cement ratio for the obtained target mean strength is 0.50. This is equal to the value prescribed for Moderate conditions in IS 456.     
\section[{Global}]{Global} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
Based on the limited study carried out on the strength behaviour of saw dust the following conclusions are drawn:\par
? At the initial ages, with the increase in the percentage replacement of saw dust, the strength as well as compressive strength increases.\par
? Moreover with the use of saw dust, the weight of concrete reduces, thus making the concrete lighter which can be used as a light weight construction material in many civil engineering purposes.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fine}\end{figure}
    \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.1152542372881356\textwidth}P{0.4394067796610169\textwidth}P{0.2953389830508475\textwidth}}
S.N.\tabcellsep Constituents\tabcellsep Percentage\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep (by weight)\\
1.\tabcellsep SiO 2\tabcellsep 87\\
2.\tabcellsep Al 2 O 3\tabcellsep 2.5\\
3.\tabcellsep Fe 2 O 3\tabcellsep 2.0\\
4.\tabcellsep MgO\tabcellsep 0.24\\
5.\tabcellsep CaO\tabcellsep 3.50\\
6.\tabcellsep Loss on ignition (LOI)\tabcellsep 4.76\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.08225806451612903\textwidth}P{0.6443548387096774\textwidth}P{0.12338709677419356\textwidth}}
S.N.\tabcellsep Properties\tabcellsep Value\\
1.\tabcellsep Optimum moisture content (\%)\tabcellsep 19.80\\
\tabcellsep (OMC)\tabcellsep \\
2.\tabcellsep Maximum dry density(g/cc)\tabcellsep 1.40\\
\tabcellsep (MDD)\tabcellsep \\
3.\tabcellsep Specific gravity (G)\tabcellsep 2.15\\
4.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.4585526315789474\textwidth}P{0.07669172932330827\textwidth}P{0.03355263157894737\textwidth}P{0.1549812030075188\textwidth}P{0.11823308270676691\textwidth}P{0.007988721804511278\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Characteristics}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{IS:8042:1989}\tabcellsep Birla White\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Portland\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep cement\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Insoluble residue(\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Max 2.0\tabcellsep 0.60\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Iron oxide(\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Max 1.0\tabcellsep 0.20\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Magnesium oxide(\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Max 6.0\tabcellsep 0.80\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Sulphur trioxide(\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Max 3.0\tabcellsep 2.90\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Alumina/iron oxide(\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Min 0.66\tabcellsep 9.00\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Lime saturation factor}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{0.66-1.09}\tabcellsep 0.90\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Loss of ignition(\%)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Max 5.0\tabcellsep <3.00\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Table 4 : Physical Properties of Cement}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Characteristics}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{IS:8042:1989}\tabcellsep Birla\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep White\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Degree of whiteness\%}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Min 70\tabcellsep 88+\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Fineness(m 2 /kg)}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Min 225\tabcellsep 450\\
Setting time\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Initial(min.)}\tabcellsep Min 30\tabcellsep 80\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Final(min.)}\tabcellsep Max 600\tabcellsep 120\\
Compressive\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{3 days (MPa)}\tabcellsep Min 14.4\tabcellsep 45\\
Strength\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
(cement and\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{7 days (MPa)}\tabcellsep Min 19.8\tabcellsep 55\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19367088607594934\textwidth}P{0.15063291139240506\textwidth}P{0.23670886075949366\textwidth}P{0.2689873417721519\textwidth}}
Water\tabcellsep Cement\tabcellsep Fine aggregate\tabcellsep Coarse Aggregate\\
0.5\tabcellsep 1.0\tabcellsep 1.5\tabcellsep 3.0\\
210kg\tabcellsep 420kg\tabcellsep 630kg\tabcellsep 1260kg\\
Note-\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.20031847133757963\textwidth}P{0.07038216560509554\textwidth}P{0.14076433121019108\textwidth}P{0.33025477707006373\textwidth}P{0.05414012738853503\textwidth}P{0.05414012738853503\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Age (Days)\tabcellsep Control Concrete\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Percentage Replacement with Saw Dust 10\% 15\% 20\%}\\
Average Compressive\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 18.59\tabcellsep 22.66\tabcellsep 21.48\tabcellsep 19.62\\
strength (N/mm 2 )\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep 20.59\tabcellsep 18.15\tabcellsep 18.30\tabcellsep 20.50\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}Table 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.24469696969696972\textwidth}P{0.09015151515151515\textwidth}P{0.3284090909090909\textwidth}P{0.09659090909090909\textwidth}P{0.09015151515151515\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Ages (Days)\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Percentage Replacement with saw dust}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10\%\tabcellsep 15\%\tabcellsep 20\%\\
Increase(+) or\tabcellsep 7\tabcellsep 21.89\tabcellsep 15.54\tabcellsep 5.54\\
decrease (-) strength \%\tabcellsep 14\tabcellsep -11.85\tabcellsep -11.12\tabcellsep -0.437\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}Table 7 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
