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\title{Challenges of Waste Generation \& Improvement of Existing Scenario in Commercial City of Bangladesh}
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             \author[1]{Riyad,  A.S.M.}

             \author[2]{Farid, Sk.  }

             \affil[1]{  }

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\date{\small \em Received: 15 December 2013 Accepted: 31 December 2013 Published: 15 January 2014}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Bangladesh is a densely populated country in the third world facing myriads of problems with the growth of population. The increased population leads to the growth of urban areas and slums which, in turn, generating a huge volume of waste. The huge generations of waste in different cities of Bangladesh like Khulna city increasing global anxiety day by day. In order to conduct the research, both primary and secondary data has been used. This paper highlights the status of waste generation and its management and a novel management process is proposed to increase the capacity. The waste generation rate of KCC is now 0.50 kg/cap/day producing around 950 tons of wastes, where about 36.84% being uncollected. The rubbishes, which remain uncollected, are dumped in open spaces, street and drains, clogging the drainage system, which create serious environmental degradation and treats to health. Moreover, the population growth rate is around 5% per year and waste generation rate will be about 1.7 times in 2025. Most of the urban local bodies are finding it difficult to keep pace with the demand for adequate solid waste management and conservancy services provided by the urban local bodies. So, both public and private sectors should take proper initiatives for effective solid waste management.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{population growth, solid waste, waste generation rate, municipal authorities, management.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
ue to rapid growth of population and unrestrained urban growth urban environment is debasing severely. For most of the cities in developing countries mass production and solid waste disposal is a palpable reason for the environmental degradation \hyperref[b1]{(Ashraf 1994}). Due to swift urbanization two-thirds of the world's people living in cities by 2025 and urban populations in developing countries grow by more than 150,000 people every day (UNDESA 2005). The perpetually-increasing consumption of resources has resulted in enormous amounts of solid waste from industrial to domestic activities which can pose major threats to human health  {\ref (Frosch 1996)}. The environment and human health face a severe impact due to the irrational disposal of solid waste \hyperref[b19]{(Rathi 2006)}. Municipal corporations of the developing nations are not capable to handle increasing amounts of waste and a significant portion of wastes are not properly stored, collected or disposed in the proper places for ultimate disposal due to lack of enthusiasm, consciousness, loyalty, as well as money \hyperref[b2]{(Ahsan et. al 2005}\hyperref[b20]{, Riyad et. Al 2013)}. There is a need to work towards a sustainable waste management scheme, which requires institutional, financial, environmental, economic and social sustainability. Maximum reported values of solid waste generation have been derived empirically with assumptions regarding population, number of transports available for transportation of wastes \hyperref[b4]{(Anon 2001}\hyperref[b18]{, Rahman et. Al 2013)}. Human activities generate waste and the extreme human activities concentrate, such as in urban centers, appropriate and safe solid waste management. Typically one to two thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected by many municipalities \hyperref[b18]{(Rahman et. al 2013} {\ref , World Research Institute 1996)}. Many of these waste materials can be reused \hyperref[b12]{(Kumar and Bhowmick, 1998)} and thus may eventually become valuable resources if they are removed from the waste stream (World Bank 1999). Bangladesh is a densely populated country; country's population will be about 17 cores by 2020 (BBS, 2001, Bahauddin \& Uddin 2012). Khulna is a medium size city in the context of Bangladesh, even though it has a population of about 2 million people and the population growth rate is around 5\% per year. Khulna was declared as a Pouroshava/Municipal council in 1884 and promoted to a Municipal corporation in 1984 on the platinum jubilee of Khulna Pouroshava. In 1990 Khulna has been confirmed as a City Corporation  {\ref (Wikipedia)}. Day by day the amounts of solid wastes are increasing with the rapid increasing of population especially in city area. So, solid waste creates an endangered situation for waste management in urban life and deteriorates the daily life of people with the loss of economy and environment. This study aimed at investigating ongoing solid waste management practice in the perspective of large cities in Bangladesh and finally a general physical model was proposed in consultation with the relevant stakeholders for its longterm sustainability.  The major sources of solid wastes in Khulna are residences, whole and retail sale market places including shopping places, streets, hotels and restaurants, private clinics and hospitals, educational institutions, cinemas, railway, bus, and launch/steamer ghats, slaughter houses, etc. In a study by \hyperref[b0]{Ahmed (1991)} in Bangladesh, it has been found that during wet season the waste generation rate increases by 15\% to 50\%. Table \hyperref[tab_0]{1} depicts that solid waste generation in Khulna city is growing with the growth of population.\par
In majority of the urban areas, community bin system of waste collection is being practiced in Bangladesh. Recently, in some parts of Khulna city NGOs have introduced door-to-door collection of solid waste. But neither communal bin system coverage nor house -to-house waste collection system is adequate yet. KCC is liable for the operation and maintenance of municipal services, including solid waste management. Eight \hyperref[b7]{(8)}   Though the national population growth rate is 1.579\% \hyperref[b11]{(Mundi 2013}). Khulna city with its emerging industrial and commercial activities population growth rate is higher than the national growth rate. Projected population is calculated by Exponential method of population projection which is expressed in Table \hyperref[tab_2]{3}. IV. 
\section[{PROPOSAL FOR SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT}]{PROPOSAL FOR SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT}\par
Considering the present status of MSWM in the country, the researchers has summarized in a flow chart as depicted in Fig.  {\ref 2}. Every family and commercial institution should have separate bins to store separately the recyclable, non-recyclable and hazardous items of waste. Every house should have a Figure  {\ref 2} : Proposed management process of solid waste common storage bin/container where all the families of the house should store the solid waste and KCC/different organizations should collect the waste from the common storage bin of the house by van. Wastes from households, commercial institutions, streets and drains should be carried to the primary collection bins by vans. A separate common bin should have for the hazardous items and organizations should carry and dispose it separately. Biodegradable items should be carried separately to the processing plant (compost or electric energy), the non-recyclable inorganic items should be carried and disposed separately and the recyclable waste should go to the recycling process. In medical, hazardous, nonhazardous, recyclable items should be stored in separate bin. Recyclable items should go to the recycling process by the own initiative of the hospital/clinic/diagnostic lab. In this process, recycling factory should have one divisional factory in every district. Modern technology should be used in every step of SWM such as collection, transportation, recycling, disposal and other processes.\par
V. 
\section[{CONCLUSION}]{CONCLUSION}\par
The outburst of world population is changing the nature of solid waste management from mainly a low priority, localized issue to an internationally pervasive social trouble. Solid waste management scenario in Khulna City Corporation area is being deteriorated day by day as the situation is very difficult to handle the colossal volume of waste in KCC due to the irrepressible \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.8058441558441558\textwidth}P{0.009659090909090909\textwidth}P{0.015178571428571427\textwidth}P{0.006899350649350648\textwidth}P{0.012418831168831168\textwidth}}
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Bangladesh Resource Improvement Center (BRIC),}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Rupayan, An Organization for Socio Economic}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Development (AOSED), Nabarun Shangsad, Proshanti}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{and Center for Human Development CHD). Some}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{CBOs are involved as well in waste col lection}\\
services,\tabcellsep namely,\tabcellsep Protisruti,\tabcellsep GOTI,\tabcellsep (Ispahani\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Bananipara Community (IBC), SAMADAN, CLANSHIP,}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Nobo Jagoron, Ginna Para Community (GPC), Jubo}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{Unnayan Sogngatan (JUS) and Commitment (AOSED}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{2003, BRIC 2003, Muktir Alo 2002, Nabarun Shangsad}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{2003, PRISM 2002, Rupayan 2003, RUSTIC 2003, SPS}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{2003). Table 2 depicts that different organizations}\\
\multicolumn{5}{l}{involved in solid waste management in Khulna city of}\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Bangladesh.}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6663135593220338\textwidth}P{0.1836864406779661\textwidth}}
management\tabcellsep \\
Name of organizations\tabcellsep Ward no.\\
Prism Bangladesh\tabcellsep 3,31\\
Prodipan\tabcellsep 6,12,24,27,28\\
Society Progress Association (SPS)\tabcellsep 9,15,16\\
Muktir Alo\tabcellsep 21,23\\
Rustic\tabcellsep 17,18\\
Rupayan\tabcellsep 19,20\\
AOSED\tabcellsep 25,16\\
Shabolombi\tabcellsep 10\\
Prosanti\tabcellsep 30\\
Protisruti\tabcellsep 22\\
Nabarun Sangsad\tabcellsep 24 (part)\\
Goti\tabcellsep 20,25 (part)\\
BRIC\tabcellsep 4,5,7\\
Centre for Human Resources Development\tabcellsep 16 (part)\\
(CHD)\tabcellsep \\
Commitment\tabcellsep 11\\
World Vision\tabcellsep 18\\
Khulna City Corporation (KCC)\tabcellsep 22,29\\
(Source : Conservancy section, KCC 2013)\tabcellsep \\
b) Yearly population and projected waste generation\tabcellsep \\
for next 12 years\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Metropolitan Area\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.11161616161616163\textwidth}P{0.2940656565656566\textwidth}P{0.3970959595959596\textwidth}P{0.04722222222222222\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Solid Waste Generation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Different bins for storage\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Collection by different organizations}\tabcellsep \\
Biodegradable\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Non-biodegradable}\\
Compost plant\tabcellsep Electric energy production\tabcellsep Recyclable\tabcellsep Non-recyclable\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{Rejects}\tabcellsep Rag picker i.e., street\tabcellsep Landfill\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep hawkers, Tokai and\tabcellsep \\
Final product\tabcellsep \tabcellsep scavenger etc.\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Landfill\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Market\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{NGO/Cooperative middleman/traders (Pouroshova /City Corpoation/Thana)}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Divisional Recycling Factory}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Market\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{migration of rural}\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{Year 2014 E} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
