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\title{Design and Analysis of Multipurpose Machine for the Productivity of Sheet Metal Process}
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             \author[1]{Parthasarathy  Garre}

             \affil[1]{  MLRIT, JNTUH, HYDERABAD, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 December 2013 Accepted: 5 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

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\begin{abstract}
        


The Transonic Wind Tunnel is used to test aircraft models at speeds from Mach number 0.2 to 1.4. Transonic flows consist of mixed subsonic and supersonic flow regions. Shocks can occur in these flows but often do not have a strong enough pressure gradient to assume flow properties similar to those of supersonic flows. These regions are difficult to model mathematically because they have characteristics of subsonic and supersonic flows. In this regard, the paper is aiming towards the design and analysis of the transonic wind tunnel performance by considering two phases namely automated design and its evaluation. Modern optimization software is combined with isentropic relations; simulations are analyzed to design a Mach 1.2 nozzle with maximum test length. The optimal design has an unconventional shape described as compound curvature, which makes the contour appear slightly wavy in AutoCAD. The same is evaluated and found satisfactory for the proposed modification of the test section in the wind tunnel in fluent analysis.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{transonic, mach number, AutoCad, fluent, hypermesh, analysis.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction and Background}]{Introduction and Background}\par
anufacturing is the process of converting raw material into semi or finished goods. There are many manufacturing process are found in production process. Depending on the manufacturing process industries use numerous machines to convert raw materials in to products. Since to increase the productivity and profit of the industries, manufacturing machines/equipment should be properly designed and manufactured. However the methodology of rapid machine design attempts to shorten design-tomanufacture time of production equipment by using advanced engineering tools such as Computer Aided Design systems (CAD), mathematical and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) during the conceptual design phase. Since identifying and to apply the best design concepts, overall development time can be shortened. However, in this paper the new approach to conceptual design can be applied at any phase during the concept generation, whether it is the design as a whole or a component in particular. As components are already part of the machine assembly, changes in their design are automatically updated in the whole skeleton. However, currently, number of sheet metal machines have been designed and fabricate to manufacture different sheet metal products. Main while most machines are performs single operations [P. S. Thakare 20012] and limited production performances. Those machines have their own disadvantages, till sheet metal machines have limited functions which could cause the productivity, the efficiency, versatility and competitiveness the sectors. however the main challenges that are seen on single purpose machines were higher machine cost, reduce sheet metal process productivity, poor production time and non-versatile. As the result multipurpose sheet metal machine need to be designed and fabricated in order to reduce machine cost and increase sheet metal process productivity and improve competitiveness of the sectors.\par
Since, the main objective of the study is to design analysis and fabricate multipurpose sheet metal machine so as to improve the productivity and competitiveness of sheet metal manufacturing sectors. The design and analysis process were includes select proper materials for production of multipurpose sheet metal machine, mathematical design, analysis and fabrication of multipurpose sheet metal machine, and productivity and economic analysis were considered. 
\section[{a) Research Methodology}]{a) Research Methodology}\par
The study was conduct through literature review of research articles, books, magazines, manuals and electronic sources which are discuss related to design, manufacturing and mechanics of sheet metal production process. The analysis was done with mathematical methods and the analysis consider attempts to analyzed, investigate optimum capacity multipurpose sheet metal machine, so as to improve the productivity and comparativeness of sheet metal production sectors. The study attempts to analyses the deflection, material types, the effects of stresses, wearresistance, ultimate strength of the machine, thermal effect natural frequencies under subjected loads using mathematical analysis were done. Since, the design, manufacturing productivity, economic analysis and evaluation of the project was done using the selected empirical analysis. in addition detail and assembly drawing of the machine is done using Solid work or Catiya Software). Finally the conclusion and recommendation of the study was done. 
\section[{II.}]{II.} 
\section[{Literature Reviews a) Introduction}]{Literature Reviews a) Introduction}\par
Sheet metal fabrication plays an important role in the metal manufacturing world  {\ref (Cloutier, 2000)}. Since, sheet metal process is metal formed into thin and flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking, and can be cut and bend into a variety of different shapes. Thicknesses can vary significantly, although extremely thin pieces of sheet metal would be considered to be foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than ¼ inch or a centimeter can be considered plate.  {\ref [Xiaoyun Liao, 2007]}. There are many special purposes machines used in this industry to make products. However, the proper selection of the machines depends upon the type of the work under-taken by the particular industry. Since, there are many examples of sheet metal work, which can be seen in our everyday lives. Although, the metals generally used for sheet metal work include black iron sheet, copper sheet, tin plate, aluminum plate, stainless sheet and brass sheet. on the other hand sheet metal is used and applicable in the production of materials ranging from tools, to hinges, automobiles, airplane wings, medical tables, roof for building etc. In terms of process type sheet metal fabrication ranges from deep drawing, stamping, forming, and hydro forming, to high-energy-rate forming (HERF) to create desired shapes  {\ref (Cloutier, 2000)}. However, sheet metal is usually produced in sheet thickness less than 6mm by reducing the thickness of a long work piece by compressive forces applied through a set of rolls. This process is known as rolling  {\ref [Xiaoyun Liao, 2007]}. Due to the versatility, sheet metal process is a metal forming process which is spread throughout the world  {\ref [Michael Lindgren 2009]}. Since sheet metal forming is one of the most important semi finished and finished products used in the steel industry, and sheet metal forming technology is therefore an important engineering discipline within the area of mechanical engineering.\par
Consequently, currently, sheet metal forming products have numerous applications, for example in manufacturing industries, buildings, airplanes and the automotive sector as well as infrastructure and domestic appliances,  {\ref [Anas Muzamil 2009]}. Since sheet metal process is a highly productive process and its use increases every year, [P.  {\ref Groche 2006]}. Although, the main feature of sheet metal is its ability to be formed and shaped by a variety of processes. Thus, each process does something different to the metal giving it a different shape or size  {\ref [Xiaoyun Liao,2007}]. The following are the common type of sheet metal process that performed using different type of sheet metal machines. 
\section[{b) Shape Rolling}]{b) Shape Rolling}\par
Shape rolling of sheet metal is the bending continually of the piece along a linear axis. This causes alteration of the original form of the sheet as it passes through a pathway of series of rollers. Such work tool as shape rolling machine is found to be very useful in manufacturing processes for used parts in various industries like inner and outer panels and stiffeners in automotive and agricultural industries, small metal workshops to roll round and conical profiles for stoves, cylinders (flue pipe, water pipes), basic machine elements with curved surfaces, buckets, bins, gear box cover, mud guards, drinkers and feeders for poultry, feed mixers etc. The machine rolls sheet metal up to 1.5 mm thick and 1m wide and rolls complete cylinders down to 75 mm diameter with 55 mm diameter rollers. Since considering high cost of tools and products in sheet rolling processes, detection and controlling factors for producing precise product are important. In most processes, geometry and configuration of rolling components could be obtained from the geometry of product at the end of loading. Therefore elastic recovery (known as spring back) formed part of the unloading process, and it is the most important factor in deviation of final products from desired geometry.\par
Also spring back is influenced by a combination of various process parameters such as tool shape and dimension, contact friction condition, material properties, thickness, were investigated and considered [Alie Wube Dametew \& Tafesse Gebresenbet, 2016]. Since in this study the design and evaluation of a shape rolling machine with simple crank mechanism, higher roller diameter were analysis.\par
Cutting/Shearing: Sheet metal can be done in various ways from hand tools called tin snips up to very large powered shears. With the advances in technology, sheet metal cutting has turned to computers for precise cutting and shearing.\par
Punching Process: Punching is the process of using a machine to press a shape through a sheet of metal and into a die cutter to create that shape in the metal. These machines are single purpose type use, manual type, hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical power to press the shape with enough force to cut the metal. [ K.  {\ref Abdel-Malek,2008]}. Since punching can be better understood as pressing the material against a die with a huge force, this force pushes the material into the die shape and sheers of excess material. [ K.  {\ref Abdel-Malek, 2008]}. Improved and effective punching machine is designed in these projects.\par
Bending Process: In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to a lateral load. Since, a structural element subjected to bending is known as a beam. Although, closet rod sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending. [ K.  {\ref Abdel-Malek,2008}].However, bending produces reactive forces inside a beam as the beam attempts to accommodate the flexural load; in the case of the beam, the material at the top of the beam is being compressed while the material at the bottom is being stretched  {\ref [Xiaoyun Liao, 2007]} .     In this study comparative study of single and multipurpose sheet metal machine has been done. From the results, it is cleared that, productivity of three in one sheet metal machine is higher than that of single purpose. The result also shows that total cost for manufacturing metal sheets using three in one machine is 10.43\% lower than single purpose machine. Although, the status of sheet Metal forming industry in Ethiopia is not going as it is expected, because of high cost of machine, problem of skill man power,  {\ref [ MOST,2013]}. But ,in this time of globalization, the production of sheet forming process use single purpose machines which requires more money, time and labor for atomization of the process. All the machines for using in sheet metal forming process still a single purpose which results low productivity. In order to increase the productivity of sheet metal process, versatility of sheet forming machine is important issue for engineers. However this project deals with the design, analysis and fabrication of five in one sheet metal machine (multipurpose sheet metal machine) is done. Five in one sheet metal machines are perform number of operations within a single machine that is rolling, bending, cutting/ shearing, punching beading and circular shear operations are done within a single Machine. properties at the location of the roll bend. To achieve bending, the work material must be subjected to two major forces; frictional force which causes a no-slip action when metal and roller came in contact and a bending force acting against the forward speed and the torque applied to move the material (Figure  {\ref )}. At least two rollers were involved in flat rolling depending on the thickness and properties of material while three or multiple roller system is required in shape rolling. A work material under bending load is subjected to some form of residual stress and deformation as it bends. Since, materials at the outer bend radius undergo tensile plastic deformation while the material at the inner bend radius undergoes compressive plastic deformation. However, at least two rollers were involved in flat rolling depending on the thickness and properties of material while three or multiple roller system is required in shape rolling. A work material under bending load is subjected to some form of residual stress and deformation as it bends. Materials at the outer bend radius undergo tensile plastic deformation while the material at the inner bend radius undergoes compressive plastic deformation. 
\section[{Type of sheet bending}]{Type of sheet bending}? 
\section[{Lb= ?(r+ ?T)}]{Lb= ?(r+ ?T)}\par
(\par
where, Lb = bend allowance; ? = bend angle; r = bend radius to neutral axis; k = constant for material, for r<2T; k=0.33; for r >2T, k=0.5, T=thickness of material.\par
The strain on the outermost fibers of the bend is evaluated by Equation (  {\ref 2}) given by Jack (2003):?? = 1 2?? ?? + 1\par
Maximum bending force is calculated by Equation (3) given below (Jack, 2003):???????????? * ????2 ?? = ???????? * ????2 ??\par
, where, P = maximum bending load; k = constant for particular die from 0.3 to 0.7; ? yield = yield stress for material; ? UTS = ultimate tensile stress for the material; L = length of bend (along bend axis); w = distance between reaction supports When the rollers are in contact with the load, there is a frictional force existing, and an applied force, F and a slip between rollers and the load, which is not constant over the entire surface area of contact (Wagoner and Li,2007). An assumption of no reduction in size of material thickness during rolling makes, the thickness uniform i.e. and for small diameter bending, a = L. For large diameter bending L>a. Thus the maximum force is given by Hugh Since, considering the two strain components; the elastic strain (?e) and plastic strain (?p), the total axial strain (?x) can be written as, ???? = ???? + ???? = A ?? ?? = 2?? (1 ? ?? 2 )?? ? ?? ?? ?? 2 ? ?? ?? ???? + 24?? ?? 3 ? ?? ?? ?? 2 ? ?? ?? ?????? + 12???? ???? 3 ? ???? ?? (1 ? ?? 2 ) ?? ?? = 2 ?? ? ?? ?? ???? + 24?? ?? 3 ?? 2 ? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? 2 ? ?? ?? ?????? + 12??(1 ? ?? 2 )?? ?????? 3\par
Where, b and t are width and thickness of the sheet respectively; ?e = elastic strain; ? p = plastic strain; E = Young's modulus and V= Poisson's ratio. Bend radius after spring back can be written as Where, ? and ?? are bending radius before and after spring back respectively. Knowing the thickness and width of sheet plate and considering material's behavior, analysis of V-bending for various bending angle and radius become possible. The power required to roll the material is given by where, P = power in watts required to roll the sheet and n = speed in rmin-1. The spring back effect in bending is compensated by the following Equation (11)  {\ref (Jack, 2003)}.\par
where, ? before = ? afte r = 1 for flat sheet; ? = Bending strain. 
\section[{b) Results and discussion of roller design}]{b) Results and discussion of roller design}\par
The result table below indicates the maximum bend radius obtainable as an approximate radius of roller for a typical material length of 500-630 mm is 2.5 mm. The largest measured diameter of complete cylinder the machine can handle (roll) is 184 mm using the given diameter of rollers. At reduced roller aperture of 2.5 mm, the material folded over and the radius of cylinder reduced. This result showed a remarkable improvement over Rob's report of 75 mm diameter. The maximum bend radius when the aperture is closed is approximately the circumferential distance round the roller. The spring back effect on the rolled plate is noticeable as the rolling aperture decreases the bend radius considerably decrease. This effect can be increased by stretching out the material as it rolls or increasing the aperture width. Alternatively, variable roller diameters could be used when handling materials of varying length. Other dimensions can be obtained by varying the width of aperture until the bend radius approaches a straight line depending on the length of work material. The maximum width of material that can be handled with significant bend radius is,123 mm and the length is 500-630 mm.\par
Besides, the maximum width (machine capacity) of strip of material the machine could handle is 1,050 mm for tinplates and mild steel with thickness not exceeding 2 mm. Although, when the machine was used to roll mild steel plate of 2.5 mm thickness, the bearing blocks showed evidence of possible failure. The wooden bearing blocks could not support the bending stress exerted by the materials with higher thickness than 2 mm and as a result the machine usage can only be restricted to light gauge metal work and thus find use in tinsmith and welding workshops. Slip friction in rolling was eliminated between the rollers and the load by keeping the contact surfaces smooth and free of lubricants and dirt. Since, the average number of operators required to operate the rollers at a giver operation is shown in Table below with their average weights. Material thicker beyond 2 mm sheet thickness requires two operators while 3 mm thickness material could not be conveniently roll due to the required bending force and the strength of the material used in construction. The bearing capacity of wood cannot support such material thickness. The analysis result shows that, the average percentage acceptance of the machine by the artisan is 70.59\% (n=24) indicating that the technology is acceptable. Fifteen percent of the welders and 40\% of tinsmiths were well acquainted with the functions of the machine. A total of 73.53\% (n=26) of the respondents are not acquainted (technology awareness) with the shape rolling technology while   
\section[{c) Design of pipe Bending Machine}]{c) Design of pipe Bending Machine}\par
Companies considering the purchase of tube bending equipment are faced with an extensive set of alternatives. It is important that a potential purchaser research his needs and the various equipment available. The manufacturer who gives special attention to details will gain a significant edge over his competition. In this discussion we will investigate some of the more popular options available for tube bending, their benefits, limitations, cost and applications. Although, the design of pipe bending machine has undergone many changes, development and improvements over a period of time. Pipe bending requires mechanical force which acts on the pipe either directly or indirectly. This was done manually with the operator providing the effort required for bending the pipe. The major setback was the energy, time and effort expended in accomplishing the task. This means that the quality of bend would depend on the strength and skill of the operator. Though relatively cheaper, manual pipe bending falls short of dimensional accuracy and uniformity. Many versions of pipe bending machine have been developed aimed at eliminating human effort (www.paramount-roll.com). In one arrangement, the mechanical force required for bending is provided by a hydraulic ram powered by combustible fuel in an internal combustion engine, or by electricity. In this case, the hydraulic pump which pumps hydraulic into the ram is powered by an electric motor. By early 80's, the development of mechanized pipe bending machine came into existence In general, the bending process uses mechanical force to push the pipe against a die: this way, the pipe is forced to get conformed to the shape of the die. In many cases, the end of the pipe is rolled and rotated around the die, while the pipe itself is firmly held in place (Fig.)  ii. Power Requirement A gradual application of effort will bend the pipe quite smoothly. This means that very small velocity will be required. An available motor capacity standard is therefore selected and reduced to appropriate speed output.\par
Choosing a motor of 1.  Since, from the analysis we observed that, the pipe bending can be achieved in both ways (either in upward or downward direction) up to 4.25 mm pipe thickness could be bent manually depending on the operator's physical strength. During the bending process, the slight deviation from intended angle of bend was occurred due to spring back action of the pipe, which obviously reduces with decrease in angle of bend. However, wrinkles and bulging of the pipe during bending were noticed in pipes of lesser thickness. in this machine with a semi-circular bell, angles between 80 o to 180 o were obtainable, below which the bent pipe was observed to follow the bell's contour to give a U or C shape. Since, to obtain a lower bend angle, a different bell specially made for 45 o is used. For pipes of lesser thickness, a mandrel should be introduced in order to prevent collapse. The provision for manual bending makes it possible to use the machine in rural areas were there may be no power supply. 
\section[{i) Bending Design}]{i) Bending Design}\par
Bending is a metal forming process in which a force is applied to a piece of sheet metal causing bending of it to an angle and forming the desired shape (Manar, 2013). While, the operation is typically performed on a machine called a press brake which can be manually or automatically operated. Though, to bend sheet metal, a bottom tool (die) is mounted on a lower, stationary beam (bed) and a top tool (punch) is mounted on a moving upper beam (ram). Since the design and analysis of this study is considered this points properly, to achieve optimum bending products. However the bending design consists and considers the f parameters given in the  
\section[{j) Maximum Folding Force}]{j) Maximum Folding Force}\par
The force required to perform folding depends on the strength, thickness, and length of the sheet metal (Groover, 2010). However, the maximum folding force can be estimated by means of the following equation: ??= The clamping beam exerts a force that holds down the sheet metal onto the folding bed. The hold down force when performing folding operation is 50\% the required folding force. Since it is applied across two ends of the machine. Therefore the clamping force is given by: Clamping force = 0.5 x folding force, Clamping force = 0.5 x 294.6 kN, Clamping force = 147.3 kN.\par
The clamping beam is designed such that it is welded onto side plates that are connected to a clamping mechanism. The clamping mechanisms are located on both sides of the clamping beam, but the clamping knob is only located on one end. The adjusting screws on the clamping mechanism of bending machine must resist the clamping force they are exposed to. Since, the load is shared equally on either side of the clamping mechanism, therefore is equal to half the clamping force that is 73.65 kN. Allowable stress levels to 75\% of proof strength are to be used in the clamping mechanism bolts. The selected material for the clamping mechanism according to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), is grade 4 with no head marking and proof strength of 65 ksi. Then the allowable stress is also given as ? a =0.75*proof strength, Since ? a =0.75*65000psi=48759ps\par
In addition, the force applied on each side of the clamping mechanism is 73.65 kN = 16.55 klb i .\par
Therefore the required tensile area to which the force should act is:???? = ???????? ???? = 16550 ???? 48750 ???? ???? 2\par
, Since, A t +=0.339in 2 . Thus, tensile stress area of 0.339 in2 requires a diameter of 7/8 inches, which is equivalent to 22.22 mm. Hence the diameter of the clamping mechanism column should be 22.22 mm with a course thread of 9 threads per inch.  Taking moments and resolving forces at determined points along the folding beam and factoring a safety factor of n = 3, and an allowable stress of 350 Mpa, t,is found to have the following value; t = 0.015 or t = -0.015. Therefore the thickness of the folding beam is 15 mm. 
\section[{IV.}]{IV.} 
\section[{Productivity Analysis}]{Productivity Analysis}\par
Increase in productivity is the key factor for prosperity at all levels. It is the relationship between the result obtained and the factors employed to achieve the result. Productivity is the relationship between outputs to input. It is an indication of an enterprise capability. In case of the defined machine, the output highly depends upon the working skill of the employed persons. If he is having long experience of working over the machine then definitely his rate of making pipes would be higher than the rate of person who is new to machine. As per the definition of productivity, we have a simple relation for it and it is given by For Power operated machine. Since our multipurpose machine is power operated , then it is productive. in a single operation , the productivity is double for manual operated machine, but our machine V. 
\section[{Conclusion and Recommendation a) Conclusion}]{Conclusion and Recommendation a) Conclusion}\par
In this study the design and analysis of multipurpose sheet metal machine is done using mathematical methods. During the analysis and design process different parameters were considered for improving the productivity and performance of sheet metal forming process. As well comparative study of manually operated multipurpose machine and power operated sheet bending machine has been done. the multipurpose machines are very efficient in rolling, bending, grooving and beading of metallic components. The machine is cost effective based on the materials of and simplicity of the design of component parts. Operational mode meets the level of technical knowhow of the artisans. Also, productivity of both the machines has been calculated. From the results, it is cleared that, productivity of power operated sheet bending machine is higher than manual type. As a result a multipurpose power operated machine is much, much efficient, effective and productive on compared to manual operated machine. Since the design and analysis of this study was meet the objectives properly. Since, sheet metal manufacturing industries improve their financial performance and productivity by using these type of multipurpose machines rather than single purpose machine. 
\section[{b) Recommendation}]{b) Recommendation}\par
This multi type machines have numerous advantages including, optimum machine cost, high production capacity and productive, efficient and effective and contributes the comparativeness of the sectors. Since, sheet metal manufactures could be use such type of machines to improve their performance and productivity. Further recommend that, researchers further study to add the function of such type of machines, hence this used as a base for the researchers.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 5 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{fig_7}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png}
\caption{\label{fig_8}( 1 ?}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png}
\caption{\label{fig_9}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-12.png}
\caption{\label{fig_10}Figure 6 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-13.png}
\caption{\label{fig_11}Figure 7 :}\end{figure}
       \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10580912863070539\textwidth}P{0.0987551867219917\textwidth}P{0.12344398340248963\textwidth}P{0.1516597510373444\textwidth}P{0.07053941908713693\textwidth}P{0.10228215767634855\textwidth}P{0.1975103734439834\textwidth}}
Diameter of the Roller in mm\tabcellsep Material Length in mm\tabcellsep Roller aperture/before\tabcellsep Roller aperture/after bending in mm\tabcellsep Roll gap in mm\tabcellsep Bending mm radius in\tabcellsep Product shape\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 10mm\tabcellsep 8\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 123\tabcellsep Semi-circle\\
76\tabcellsep 500-630\tabcellsep 8mm 7.0mm\tabcellsep 5.5 2.5\tabcellsep 2.5 3\tabcellsep 100 55\tabcellsep Full circle Double folded circle\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.19705882352941176\textwidth}P{0.1088235294117647\textwidth}P{0.07352941176470587\textwidth}P{0.11176470588235293\textwidth}P{0.15\textwidth}P{0.20882352941176469\textwidth}}
Material Type\tabcellsep Material Thickness in mm\tabcellsep No, operations\tabcellsep AV.Wet operator kg\tabcellsep Max width of work in mm\tabcellsep Length of the material\\
Aluminum sheet\tabcellsep 3 1.5\tabcellsep 1 1\tabcellsep 65 65\tabcellsep 1050 1050\tabcellsep 1200.00 1200.00\\
Galvanized sheet\tabcellsep 1 2\tabcellsep 1 2\tabcellsep 71 69.8\tabcellsep 525 525\tabcellsep 800.00 800.00\\
Milled steel sheet metal\tabcellsep 1 2 3\tabcellsep 1 2 2\tabcellsep 65 72 72\tabcellsep 1050 500 300\tabcellsep 1200.00 600.00 400.00\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{below} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
( ) Volume XVII Issue V Version I A\\
of Researches in Engineering\\
Global Journal\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}table below .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.6767924528301887\textwidth}P{0.17320754716981132\textwidth}}
Maximum bending length\tabcellsep 1800 mm\\
Maximum bending thickness\tabcellsep 2mm\\
Tensile strength of sheet metal Mild steel\tabcellsep 248 MPa\\
Clearance between folding beam and clamping beam\tabcellsep 2 mm\\
Maximum folding angle\tabcellsep 1050\\
Frame material\tabcellsep Structural Steel\\
Folding beam and clamping beam material\tabcellsep Machine Steel\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2017 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[for Selecting Appropriate ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{for Selecting Appropriate},  				 (Washington, D.C)  		2002guidebook.  		 			National Academy Press 		 	 
\bibitem[The ()]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		‘Technology Transfer Handbook’.  		 			U S The 		.  	 	 		\textit{Geological Survey}  		2003.  	 
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\end{document}
