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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{  sindurakshak}

             \author[2]{J. Sam Jeba  Kumar}

             \affil[1]{  SRM UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, INDIA.}

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\date{\small \em Received: 6 December 2013 Accepted: 4 January 2014 Published: 15 January 2014}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In pursuit of improving the safety of automobile, many companies have invested in developing various systems. Engine Immobiliser is one such innovation. Eventually, the RFID based Engine Immobiliser is becoming prone to getting hacked which compromises the very purpose of the device. Ethical hacker Karsten Nohl of Security Research Labs was able to crack the Hitag 2 car immobiliser algorithm used by Dutch firm NXP Semiconductors in around six hours. The need of the hour is to design an infallible system which enhances the security of the vehicle. We propose a system with a Face Recognition System which replaces the RFID based system. Additionally, a Passive Defense System (PDS) is also implemented that further reduces the chances of vehicle theft. The system also has a Driving Assistant Module (DAM) to help the driver drive in reduced visibility conditions like torrential rainfall, dense fog and the like. Another addition is the alcohol detection which is useful in avoiding drunken driving.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{engine immobiliser, RFID, encryption, passive defence system, WrisTAS, driving assistant module.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 \par
Immobiliser. An RFID immobiliser is a chip embedded in the top part of an ignition key. This chip sends out an encrypted string of radiofrequency signals, basically a particular number of impulses broadcast on various radio frequencies to create a specific code, when the driver inserts it into the ignition-key slot. Without this code, the car either won't start or won't activate the fuel pump.\par
Early RFID systems, used 32-bit encryption. That means they sent a code of 32 impulses. With 32 bits in the code, there are billions of possible combinations. In newer schemes, including remote starters that let you start a car with the push of a button, the codes have 40 bits, which increases the possibilities. With so many possible codes, the system seems unbeatable (Julia \hyperref[b1]{Layton, 2009)}.\par
A report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2011 highlights the large number of Vehicle Theft cases reported in India.  
\section[{Image Acquisition \& Processing}]{Image Acquisition \& Processing}\par
Our system involves the use of Face Recognition to authenticate if the driver if allowed to run the vehicle. This can be achieved by comparing the driver's face with pre-stored templates of three people who are authorised to run the vehicle. Our system requires a camera, software where we can carry out the desired image processing techniques and finally where we can achieve the Template Matching operation based on the matching of the template and the image obtained from the camera.\par
The acquired image is fed to NI LabVIEW with the help of Vision Acquisition Software (VAS), which is an additional toolkit to acquire, save and display images. According to National Instruments India (n. To operate the vehicle in the night, the template match has to be carried out in the dark. The external incident light must have excellent penetration of the skin on the face to perform template matching in the night. Medical studies have shown that near infrared light compared to other bands of light, such as visible light on human skin has strong penetration power and better absorption by haemoglobin so an infrared light supports template matching in the night (Guotian Yang, 2010). According to the research by Yuan and Tang (2011), the 850 nm near infrared light has excellent skin penetration ability, relative to other band infrared light and can be better absorbed by haemoglobin.\par
After the driver's image is acquired, we perform Image Pre-Processing techniques on it using the NI LabVIEW Vision Development Module (VDM). In the Vision Development Module, we convert the 64 bit image to Gray Scale which is a 8 bit image and reduce the Region Of Interest (ROI) to perform the Template Matching operation.\par
If the template match between the pre-stored template and the camera's image is successful, the car starts else it does not. 
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{State Machine Implementation}]{State Machine Implementation}\par
Mathworks India (n.d.) states that a State Machine is a model which a finite set of states and behaviors and how the system transitions from one state to another when certain conditions are true.\par
The system first checks if all the doors of the vehicle have been latched and the driver has fastened the seat belt as well. If both the above conditions have been met, the State Machine executes the next state else it does not.\par
After the first state, the State Machine executes the case where the image acquisition process initiates. The driver's image is taken and is compared with the templates already stored in the system. If the template match is successful, the car starts. If the match is not successful in the first attempt the system runs the image acquisition process for an additional ten minutes. However, if the template match is not successful at all, the State Machine executes the Third Party Login.\par
The Third Party Login is a special case aimed to give temporary access to people who do not have their templates stored in the system yet want to run the vehicle. This system becomes very useful in specific cases like when the technician at the repair centre wants to test the car. The Third Party Login is authenticated using a four letter password which only the owner and his family know. The Third Party Login Password can be entered from a remote location as well. If the password matches the car will start else it does not. The salient feature of this system is that in the Third Party Access mode, the vehicle runs for a duration of one hour two times a day only. After the expiry of the allowed time, the vehicle automatically comes to a halt. Further, the system also provides scope for a Passive Defence System (PDS) which comes into effect if the primary defence system, the Face Recognition and Authentication system fails to protect the car. The PDS interacts with the vehicle engine with the help of a redundant Controller Area Network Bus (CAN Bus) which gets activated only when the OTP is generated.\par
In case a thief steals the car, there is a separate system which generates a unique One Time Password (OTP). The OTP is mailed to the registered mail id of the owner using Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), present in NI LabVIEW. The system also switches on a hidden camera when the OTP is generated. The hidden camera will take a set number of images of the thief without his knowledge. The image of the thief is stored in the memory which can be retrieved later and can be handed later to the concerned authorities. The image of the thief can also be sent to the nearest Police Station.\par
The system enables remote switching of the vehicle's engine off through the NI Data Dashboard App (Version 2.2), which helps us to remotely control the vehicle's engine (National Instruments, 2014). This app enables the owner to feed in the Third Party Access password or the One Time Password   V.\par
Eliminating Driving while Impaired (dwi) a) Introduction\par
Drinking While Impaired (DWI) is a serious offence which not only risks the driver's life but also of others on the road. Steps have to be taken to eliminate this menace. Most of the system available in the market today can detect whether the driver is drunk before starting the vehicle but they fail if the driver drinks while driving. Thus, if the driver drinks while driving, the vehicle does not stop.\par
In our quest to eliminate the above stated situation we advocate the use of Transdermal Alcohol Sensor (TAS) which tests for alcohol that is excreted through the skin. The two most effective TAS are:   {\ref (1980)} deduced that there was a statistically significant linear relationship between the concentration of ethanol in sweat and the average concentration of ethanol in blood, also called Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC). Blood Alcohol Concentration is the amount of alcohol per fixed unit of blood.\par
After evaluating the needs of the system, we have selected the WrisTAS as the Alcohol sensor. The WrisTAS uses a constant hydrated platinum electrode maintained at a controlled potential and bathed in aqueous electrolyte held in a reservoir. In the WrisTAS, an electrode oxidizes the ethanol and forms acetic acid that diffuses into the reservoir. The current is converted to a digital signal that is averaged and stored at preset time intervals from 30 seconds to 10 minutes. Data can be downloaded to a computer serial port \hyperref[b11]{(Marques \& McKnight, 2007)}. We have selected WrisTAS over SCRAM owing to the following reasons:\par
? Smaller Size of WrisTAS as compared to SCRAM.\par
? Paced drinking with food may not trigger an alert in SCRAM \hyperref[b11]{(Marques \& McKnight, 2007)}.\par
? WrisTAS continuously scans for the presence of alcohol, while SCRAM does it every half an hour. SCRAM may not be able to protect against Drinking while Driving in all conditions. 
\section[{b) WrisTAS Implementation}]{b) WrisTAS Implementation}\par
The WrisTAS can be interfaced with the car in a multitude of ways. The first method could be pasting an elongated WrisTAS patch on the steering wheel of the vehicle such that it covers it fully. This method is similar to what the Japanese Automobile giant, Nissan tried in one of its concept car.\par
The other method could be to connect the WrisTAS to the Controller Area Network Bus of the vehicle. When the driver wants to drive the vehicle, he has to wear the module. \hyperref[b11]{Marques \& McKnight (2007)} stated that the device has a skin resistance/conductance sensor and a temperature sensor. These sensors, when operative, can aid in determining if a person removed or blocked the device. When in service, data from the device are periodically downloaded to a computer via a serial port interface into the CAN Bus.\par
The temperature sensor attached to WrisTAS performs a secondary function as well. It checks if someone is trying to trick the Face Recognition and Authentication by uploading two dimensional images of the people in the stored templates into the system directly. Whenever a driver links up with the WrisTAS, the temperature sensor gives a high output. The NI LabVIEW reads the sensor values, if there is a high output the vehicle starts else it keeps rescanning the sensor output.    
\section[{The Driving Assistant Module}]{The Driving Assistant Module}\par
The Driving Assistant Module (DAM) is essentially a range finder module. The Driving Assistant Module will supplement the driver when he or she is driving by providing information about the surroundings of the vehicle. When the driver knows about the obstacles surrounding of the car, the chances of accidents are bound to reduce. The system will be particularly useful while driving in adverse weather conditions like torrential rainfall, dense fog and conditions of reduced visibility like driving in the night.\par
In our prototype, we have used an Ultrasound sensor module to detect obstacles in the surrounding of the car. Ultrasound sensors transmit ultrasonic waves from its sensor head and again receive the ultrasonic waves reflected from an object which is the obstacle (SensorCentral.com, n.d.).\par
By measuring the length of time from the transmission to reception of the sonic wave, it detects the position of the object. The process is shown in Fig. 6. Processing is an open source programming language based on Java language and Integrated Development Environment built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks  {\ref (Wikipedia, n.d.)}. The user interface for the Ultrasound Sensor is made using Processing 2 IDE. Let us consider an example which illustrates the how the distance is calculated using an ultrasound sensor.\par
The sensor sends an ultrasonic ping at a time t 1 and receives the bouncing ping at a time t 2 .\par
If we know the speed of sound, the time difference Î?"t = t 2 -t 1 , can give us an idea of the distance of the object from the Ultrasound sensor.  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
The primary focus was to replace the existing RFID based engine immobiliser with a better and foolproof system which was achieved by implementing Face Recognition as the primary defense mechanism against vehicle theft, using NI LabVIEW and its toolkits. A Third Party Access mode also been developed to help people who do not have their templates stored in the system to run the vehicle for a pre-programmed amount of time. The Passive Defense System (PDS), which includes the OTP generation and it's mailing, is also implemented using the State Machine in NI LabVIEW. A Transdermal Alcohol Sensor interface is proposed which adds to the safety of the driver and the surroundings by avoiding Driving in Impaired condition. Apart from these, an ultrasonic sensor based guidance system is also integrated to the vehicle so as to provide a guidance system to the driver during adverse cases such as heavy fog or poor visibility. All these systems work as a package and offers greater passenger safety while reducing the risk of vehicle theft.\par
If Î?"t = 500 µs, we know it took 250 µs for the ping to hit the object and another 250 µs for it to come back and strike the receiver.\par
The approximate speed of sound in dry air is given by the formula: This page is intentionally left blank\begin{figure}[htbp]
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\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}}\end{figure}
     			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2014 Global Journals Inc. (US)Global Journal of Researches in Engineering} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
Thus in this particular case the object is at a distance of 8.6 cm from the Ultrasound Sensor.			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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