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\title{Promoting Health and Safety Practices in Fast-Track Construction Projects: The Case of Jordan}
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             \author[1]{Zayed  Zeadat}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970 Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


In many industries, safety is paramount, and the fast- track construction industry is no exception. Globally, more than 60 000 fatalities are reported each year due to inadequate and incompetent Fast-track construction Site Safety Management (CSSM). In Jordan, construction workers' fatalities and injuries increase year after year, particularly in fast-track construction projects. Implementing fast-track construction site safety management is a significant problem in every project. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the most convenient practices to ensure fast-track construction project safety to reduce death and injury rates. Innovative CSSM is key to solving the current safety challenges in the fast-track Jordanian fast-track construction industry.This research aims to assist Jordanian construction consultants and contractors in determining the best policy for promoting health and safety in fast-track construction projects. Data was collected using a questionnaire distributed to consultants and contractors; the data was then analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RRI). The findings and discussions reveal two essential policies to facilitate CSSM in Jordan's fast-track construction projects. 1) The provision of a first aid box, which is a critical component that is frequently associated with ensuring the construction industry's safety. 2) Communicating health and safety, which enhances safety awareness and reduces the number of accidents and associated costs. The research analysis also affirmed that the two least important policies, according to respondents, were 1) Workers' participation in hazard identification on sites and 2) recruiting outside health and safety consultants. This policy requires employing an organization or individuals with the necessary knowledge, experience, and ability to oversee health and safety on construction projects.

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\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
he fast-track construction sector has long been recognized as one of the most dangerous economic activities in many parts of the world \hyperref[b13]{(Chi et al., 2005;} {\ref Tam et al., 2004;}\hyperref[b28]{Jaselskis et al., 1996)}. The fast-track construction industry's abysmal safety record generates widespread concern  {\ref (Haslam et al., 2004)}. This is reasonable considering that fast-track construction has the highest death rate of any industry  {\ref (López et al., 2008;}\hyperref[b10]{Behm, 2005)}. According to statistics, construction workers are three to four times more likely than other workers to die in a fast-track construction site (Umar et al., 2017). At least 108,000 people are fatally killed on fast-track construction sites each year, accounting for over 30 percent of all fatal occupational injuries \hyperref[b21]{(Gürcanli and Müngen, 2013)}.\par
The concept of safety culture is gaining traction due to its capacity to encompass all perceptional, psychological, behavioral, and management variables  {\ref (Rafiq et al., 2007)}. Numerous scholars have studied factors that improve health and safety in the fast-track construction industry in different cultural contexts  {\ref (Cheng et al., 2010;} {\ref Im et al., 2009;} {\ref Cameron et al., 2008;} {\ref Macedoand Silva, 2005}; Mungen and  {\ref Gürcanli, 2005;} {\ref Etiler et al., 2004)}. According to Tam and colleagues  {\ref (2004)}, various factors influence fast-track construction industry safety performance. This includes workers' attitudes  {\ref (Hinze, 1981)}; the size of the company, adopted safety policy, project organization, and economic pressure  {\ref (Hinze and Raboud, 1988)}; safety management training (Gun, 1993; Jaselskis and Suazo, 1994); and safety culture (Tam and Fung, 1998;  {\ref Glendon and Stanton, 2000;} {\ref Tam et al., 2001)}.\par
Regardless of these factors, fast-track construction companies that demonstrate and convey their commitment to well-structured and well-funded safety initiatives can significantly reduce incident rates  {\ref (Hinze, 1997)}. Fast-track construction safety management has dramatically improved following the Occupational Safety and Health Act enacted in 1970. President Richard Nixon signed the Act, which granted the US Federal Government the power to define and enforce safety and health standards for most of the country's employees. Also, the Act made the employer (i.e., fast-track construction companies) responsible for implementing safety principles in the fast-track construction industry and has resulted in a significant increase in safety planning and management in the fasttrack construction industry at large  {\ref (Hill, 2004)} II. Health and Saftey in Jordan's Fast-Track Fast-Track Construction Projects\par
Fast-track construction projects play a significant role in the global economy; there is massive pressure to manage project duration while meeting legal requirements, emergency/disaster recovery, and timeto-market constraints. As a result, traditional fast-track construction planning can be compressed using some techniques, such as fast-track projects \hyperref[b20]{(Garrido Martins et al., 2017)}. Fast-track construction is commonly described as the overlapping and compressing of multiple operations in the conceptual design, procurement, and fast-track construction phases to accomplish a project rapidly and cost-effectively \hyperref[b14]{(Cho et al., 2010)}. Fast-track construction allows for overcoming the sector's current high fast-track construction costs and inflation challenges. In the fast-track construction and engineering sectors, the fast-track technique utilizes the capacity to efficiently overlap and manage activities in the design, procurement, and fast-track construction phases concurrently to shorten the expected project schedule.\par
Although the fast-track project delivery approach has several advantages, such as accelerated project completion and lower operating costs \hyperref[b2]{(Aleshin, 2001)}, existing research has identified several challenges that may impede the success of fast-track projects. \hyperref[b22]{Harthi (2015)} identified client, consultant, and contractor changes, technological changes, safety considerations, a shortage of skills, and a lack of equipment as barriers to fast-tracking a project. Inadequate planning also leads to significant changes in scope and, as a result, project cost overruns. Most importantly, compressing the schedule increases project complexity and introduces new risks, which frequently occur due to overlap between project phases and the risk-management strategies employed by project teams \hyperref[b2]{(Aleshin, 2001)}. The consequences of these risks are perceived in terms of schedule, cost, and technical performance \hyperref[b22]{(Harthi, 2015)} and can lead to health and safety issues in fast-track projects. This global impact can lead to an increase in the pace of the work sequence, which can exacerbate preconditions and lead to quality and safety failures \hyperref[b19]{(Garrett and Teizer, 2009)}. \hyperref[b22]{Harthi (2015)} proposed methods and strategies to control the risk associated with severe compression of project timelines while still guaranteeing project quality meets health and safety standards. He concluded that when dealing with fast-track projects, fast-track construction practitioners should focus on modifying the organizational structure to ensure flexibility, effective communication, and risk management is executed in all concurrent processes. Fast-tracking necessitates that safety risks are clearly defined and constantly monitored throughout the project and that feedback is provided as soon as possible to ensure that health and safety measures are implemented instantly. He also acknowledged the need for managers to receive training, education, and awareness, in which the training/education sessions introduce them to various risk mitigation models and allow them to test and implement the most convenient policy.\par
Fast-tracking is a more prevalent delivery method in the Middle East \hyperref[b36]{(Mehran, 2016)}    {\ref (1995)} {\ref (1996)} {\ref (1997)} {\ref (1998)} {\ref (1999)} {\ref (2000)} {\ref (2001)} {\ref (2002)} {\ref (2003)} {\ref (2004)} {\ref (2005)} show that the number of work accidents in all industries has continued to rise at alarming rates. Despite accounting for about 7.1 percent of the labor force, the Occupational Safety and Health Institute (OSHI) in Jordan states that accidents in the fast-track construction industry account for approximately 10.5 percent of incidences  {\ref (OSHI, 2006)}. However, the actual percentage is approximately 17\% \hyperref[b8]{(Assbeihat, 2015)}. According to  {\ref Hiyasat and Talhuni (2000)}, the number is much higher for various reasons: several companies avoid reporting injuries on their sites, while others seek to avoid facing the costs of penalties for non-compliance with the terms of the application of public health and safety regulations. Additionally, tens of thousands of workers are employed unofficially in small firms with no social security membership.\par
The fast-track construction industry is an essential aspect of Jordan's infrastructure development and contributes significantly to the country's economy \hyperref[b4]{(Alubaid et al., 2020;} {\ref Alkilani et al., 2012)}. Jordanian scholars argued that the country's low economic structure contributes to a lack of health care and professional treatments available to the labor structure (Al-Smadi, Supeni, and Voon, 2021). A study conducted by Alkilani and colleagues (2013) revealed that Jordan's CSSM and measurement are still in their infancy. The failure to implement regulations, policies, and legislation demonstrate a lack of government commitment, limiting the efficiency and productivity of government departments tasked with CSSM and impeding the development of effective CSSM practices. 
\section[{III.}]{III.}\par
Health and Safety Policies in the Fast-Track Construction Industry employed \hyperref[b9]{(Baxendale and Jones, 2000)}. It is the employers' foremost duty to ensure all employees' health, safety, and welfare \hyperref[b26]{(Hughes and Ferrett, 2008)}. These policies include commitments from the employer to choose competent personnel, establish emergency protocols, notify employees, and collaborate with other firms that share the same workplace. On the other hand, employees are also responsible for reporting harmful circumstances or flaws in health and safety procedures in fast-track construction sites (Health and Safety Executive, 2013). For instance, each construction worker ought to wear and use protective equipment. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) keeps construction workers safe and mitigates the seriousness of injuries (Shazwan et al., 2018). On fast-track construction sites, many PPEs are used, including safety equipment, protective clothing, impact-resistant clothing, full-body protective clothing, personal protection shield, and cleanroom suit \hyperref[b5]{(Ammad et al., 2021)}. They also include protective clothing and equipment used as fast-track construction safety norms to reduce accidents. Using safety workwear is vital to promote CSSM, thus preventing-or reducing the impact of accidents. Because fast-track construction sites are typically located outside, seasonal variations have a significant impact, which necessitates the creation of workwear suitable for both summer and winter. In the summer, the employees' faces and heads need to be kept cool, while their hands and faces need to be kept warm in the winter (Eom and Lee, 2020).\par
Despite accident causation and prevention techniques, motivating and controlling workers to wear PPE needs efforts (Wong et al., 2021). Employers may address the use of PPE in three trajectories \hyperref[b30]{(Kelm et al., 2013)}: (1) education and training, (2) incentives, and (3) enforcement. PPE is generally seen as the most monotonous hardware in a construction worker's daily routine, but it is also regarded as the penultimate line of defense in any situation \hyperref[b17]{(Farooqui, 2009)}. PPE is typically overlooked in underdeveloped nations, although it is often the only line of defense against building site risks in developed countries \hyperref[b5]{(Ammad et al., 2021)}.\par
Employers must ensure continuous accident reporting and follow-up in fast-track construction sites. Construction accident investigation procedures and reporting systems determine what kinds of accidents happen and how they happen  {\ref (Abdelhamid and Everett, 2000)}. According to Ale and colleagues (2008), employers must report workplace accidents within 24 hours of their occurrence. Accident reporting enables strict implementation of safety policy on fast-track construction sites. According to \hyperref[b25]{Holt (2008)}, a safety policy is a document that should be available at every construction site. The following should be covered in the policy document:\par
? A firm commitment to providing a safe and healthy working environment in construction sites;\par
? An explicit declaration that reposting an accident will have no negative consequences on workers; ? A strict commitment to ensure appropriate funding and facilities are available to ensure the policy's success ? The responsibility of all construction workers to abide by relevant legal regulations; ? Measure to promote staff awareness of safety policy.\par
The Safety policy document should be reviewed and checked regularly by a senior project manager. Unfortunately, a study conducted in Jordan concluded that 66\% of Jordanian fast-track construction firms fall short of international standards, and 43\% lack any standard guidelines for safety policy \hyperref[b4]{(Alubaid et al., 2020)}. Moreover, it has been observed by the author that the vast majority of construction sites in Jordan lack adequate safety welfare facilities. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), there are eight distinct categories of welfare facilities. These are; sanitary facilities, washing facilities, facilities for supplying food and drink, and eating meals. Other scholars added facilities for changing, storing, and drying clothes and rest breaks \hyperref[b0]{(Abba et al., 2019)}. Before any fast-track construction activity (including demolition) begins, the availability of welfare facilities, their placement on-site, and regular checkups must be addressed throughout the planning and preparatory stages of the project. When planning welfare provisions for fast-track construction sites, site engineers ought to consider the nature of the work to be done, as well as the health risks associated with shower provision where the project involves dealing with very dirty work (for example, sewer maintenance, dusty demolition activities, contaminated land work, or concrete pouring (Tabi and Adinyira, 2018).\par
The demand for safety awareness among fasttrack construction organizations has risen considerably during the last decade. \hyperref[b41]{Pheng and Shiua (2000)} emphasized that quality and safety should be integrated to achieve better coordination and utilization of resources. \hyperref[b31]{Koehn and Datta (2003)} revealed that adopting safety rules and regulations could help address poor quality work, unsafe working conditions, and a lack of environmental control. The high expense of work-related injuries, workers' compensation, insurance premiums, indirect costs of injuries, and litigation contribute to project failure. A significant amount of time is wasted every year due to work-related health issues and site accidents; therefore, quality and safety are critical in the fast-track construction industry  {\ref (Shamsuddin et al., 2015)}. One example of a measure to improve the safety of fast-track construction work is the installation of safety signs \hyperref[b7]{(Arphorn et al., 2003)}. It is imperative that safety signs are well-designed and understood to alert both trained and untrained people © 2023 Global Journ als 
\section[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}\par
Volume Xx XIII Issue II V ersion I ( ) J about possible hazards and provide clear instructions on minimizing or eliminating accidents and dangerous conditions \hyperref[b11]{(Chan and Chan, 2011)}. There are many different types of warnings, including vocals, bells, and beep sounds. Warning labels are one of the most popular signs used in the fast-track construction sector. They provide alerts and necessary information informing observers what is permissible and forbidden. Typically, a warning label contains four parts: signal words like "caution," a danger statement, a statement advising observers what will happen if they do not comply, and a statement informing observers how to avoid the hazard. The primary goal is to call attention to the situation and send out immediate warnings about the danger level  {\ref (Tam et al., 2003)}.\par
Safety signs are imperative for identifying and clarifying hazardous activities in fast-track construction sites. The more simultaneous construction activities in fast-track construction projects rise, the more health and safety risks arise. This would become an urgent problem when engaging untrained, unskilled workers to complete the job quickly and feasibly (Ramteke et al., 2021). For instance, workers in hazardous construction activities that include handling hazardous materials (i.e., toxic and chemical wastes) should receive proper training, adequate information on the substances they will be handling, and appropriate protective equipment. Other hazardous items, such as explosives, flammable liquids, and corrosive and acidic compounds, require special training and attention  {\ref (Teo et al., 2005)}. It is impossible to keep track of all the potentially dangerous activities on a fast-track construction site. As a result, hazardous operations with higher risks should be recognized and prioritized ahead of time so that senior management can proactively handle them  {\ref (Song et al., 2007)}. Therefore, consultants, contractors, and project managers should frequently meet to co-create and develop new safety measures, provide feedback to one another, and address safety-related concerns  {\ref (Maki, 2015)}. Periodic site meetings to ensure health and safety are necessary communication tools to share safety information among critical stakeholders in construction  {\ref (Tam et al., 2004)}. Jaselisks and colleagues (1996) advocate increasing the number of formal safety meetings with site project managers to enhance project safety performance.\par
Consequently, fast-track construction sites with superior safety performance had more safety-related meetings than companies with poor safety performance. Both sorts of meetings ("toolbox" safety talks and project-level safety meetings) are clear signs of a company's attention to the significance of safety. Unfortunately, only one percent of construction projects in Jordan have regular safety meetings at the project level  {\ref (Mashaleh et al., 2010)}. This indicates poor health and safety awareness among workers and senior management. Construction workers' awareness makes a considerable contribution to project success. To address these present difficulties, project managers should prioritize worker safety and well-being (Ogundipe et al., 2018; Akinwale and Olusanya, 2016).\par
Many fast-track construction projects require the appointment of a health and safety officer. Safety officers are responsible for carrying out the selfinspection program and ensuring that adequate safety performance is attained through appropriate methods \hyperref[b33]{(Langford et al., 2000;}\hyperref[b32]{Koehn et al., 1995)}. Principal contractors hire them for large projects to manage all safety issues on the fast-track construction site (Teo (2005; Wilson and  {\ref Koehn, 2000)}. Therefore, it is essential for safety officers to understand and determine types and complex construction activities in a fast-track construction. Safety officers must be well-trained and experienced in dealing with the various safety risks during fast-track construction activities. A fundamental prerequisite for a safety officer is to be vigilant, diligent and informed to supervise the daily activities and fasttrack construction projects \hyperref[b23]{(Hinze and Wilson, 2000)}. Due to the complexity of fast-track construction projects, some scholars recommend hiring health and safety consultants. According to \hyperref[b40]{Oloke and McAleenan (2017)}, safety consultants are professional firms vested in overseeing fast-track construction sites' health and safety. They can be an organization or individuals with sufficient knowledge, experience, and ability to handle complex, fast-track construction projects. During the pre-construction phase of a project, they plan, manage, monitor, and coordinate health and safety. This involves detecting, removing, or managing potential hazards and ensuring that designers fulfill their responsibilities. They also prepare and provide relevant information to other stakeholders, particularly the contractor (or principal contractor), to help them plan, monitor, and coordinate health and safety in the fast-track construction phase.\par
Construction workers' participation in CSSM is widely discussed in the literature. For instance, workers could be engaged in identifying hazardous activities in fast-track construction projects. Identifying safety hazards is a critical step in reducing non-fatal fall injuries and enhancing the safety performance of fast-track construction projects. Current safety hazard identification methods rely on experts' judgment to identify risks and as a result, they are unable to comprehensively detect dangers in the diverse and dynamic character of the fast-track construction environment (Antwi-Afari et al., 2020; Reese and Eidson, 2006). One of the most challenging aspects of CSSM for fast-track construction sites is ensuring that workers can anticipate, detect, and respond to potentially dangerous conditions before being exposed to them. 
\section[{© 2023 Global Journ als}]{© 2023 Global Journ als}\par
To sum up, Table \hyperref[tab_2]{1}    {\ref 2000)}. \hyperref[b1]{(Ale et al., 2008)}. 
\section[{Provision of Safety Policy}]{Provision of Safety Policy}\par
The safety policy is the core document in the management of safety. The general statement of policy should include an expression of the employer's intentions, rather than relying just on employees' safe behavior. \hyperref[b25]{(Holt, 2008)}.\par
Provision of Adequate Welfare Facilities on Site Before any construction activity begins, the availability of welfare facilities must be addressed throughout the planning and preparatory stages of the project. The welfare facilities categories are sanitary facilities, washing facilities, facilities for supplying food and drink, eating meals, and facilities for changing, storing, drying clothes, and rest breaks.\par
(Tabi and Adinyira, 2018). The International Labor Organization (ILO). 
\section[{Provision of Health and Safety}]{Provision of Health and Safety}\par
Clothing and Equipment Protective clothing and equipment should be used as part of construction safety norms to reduce accidents. The use of safety equipment/clothing is a suitable safety procedure likely to prevent or reduce the impact of accidents. \hyperref[b33]{(Langford et al., 2000)}. 
\section[{Provision of a Healthy and Safe Working Environment}]{Provision of a Healthy and Safe Working Environment}\par
The industry seeks high quality while also guaranteeing a safe working environment; therefore, adopting safety rules and regulations could help address poor quality work, unsafe working conditions, and a lack of environmental control. \hyperref[b41]{Pheng and Shiua, 2000)}. \hyperref[b31]{(Koehn and Datta, 2003)} Provision of Health and Safety Signs safety signs are well designed and understood to alert both trained and untrained people about possible hazards and provide clear instructions on minimizing or eliminating accidents and dangerous conditions. \hyperref[b11]{(Chan and Chan, 2011)}. 
\section[{Control of Hazardous Activities on the construction site}]{Control of Hazardous Activities on the construction site}\par
It is impossible to keep track of all the potentially dangerous activities on a construction site. As a result, hazardous operations with higher risks should be recognized and prioritized ahead of time so that engineers and management can safely handle them.\par
(Song et al., 2007). 
\section[{Site Meetings Especially for Safety Purposes}]{Site Meetings Especially for Safety Purposes}\par
Consultants, contractors, and project managers should frequently meet to co-create and develop new safety measures, provide feedback to one another, and address safetyrelated concerns. Regular safety meetings are one type of site meeting; they are necessary for communicating safety information to all parties.  
\section[{Ensuring Health and Safety Education}]{Ensuring Health and Safety Education}\par
Increased awareness of the importance of occupational health and safety and training on identifying and managing risk among contractors and workers will improve site safety.\par
(Akinwale and Olusanya, 2016). 
\section[{Designated Health and Safety Person}]{Designated Health and Safety Person}\par
Safety officers are responsible for carrying out the self-inspection program and ensuring that adequate safety performance is attained through the use of appropriate methods \hyperref[b32]{(Koehn et al., 1995)}. 
\section[{Communicating Health and Safety}]{Communicating Health and Safety}\par
Safety communications should be integrated with current quality and environmental systems. An integrated system should boost staff morale; promote employee participation in safe behaviors, and lower incident rates.\par
(Weinstein 1996). 
\section[{Provision of First Aid Box}]{Provision of First Aid Box}\par
First aid box is a critical component that is frequently connected with ensuring the construction industry's safety. The nature and scope of work, the number of employees, and, most all, the types of dangers that may arise should all be considered while providing first aid in the workplace (J?drzejas and Sobala, 2018). 
\section[{Workers' Participation in Hazard Identification on Site}]{Workers' Participation in Hazard Identification on Site}\par
The identification of safety hazards is a critical step in reducing injuries and enhancing the safety performance of construction workers, and it ensures that workers can anticipate, detect, and respond to potentially dangerous conditions before they are exposed. IV. 
\section[{Materials and Methods}]{Materials and Methods}\par
This research aims to help consultants and contractors in the Jordanian construction sector decide on the best policy for promoting health and safety in fast-track construction projects. To achieve meaningful and trustworthy research outcomes, this study uses quantitative and qualitative research and data-gathering methodologies. The authors undertook a thorough study of academic publications, textbooks, and peer-reviewed journals to identify the most frequent health and safety policies in the construction sector. However, policies and their efficacy vary depending on the context, and some of them may not apply in fast-track construction projects due to differences in operational and managerial characteristics. The fifteen policies extracted from the literature review were tabulated in a questionnaire style, and their applicability to the fasttrack construction environment was assessed based on study participants' opinions and judgments. Purposive sampling was used to choose research respondents officially registered in the Jordan Engineering Association and the Contractor's Association. The respondents were asked to rate the acceptability of each policy on a scale of one to five according to the Likert scale. The questionnaire survey was disseminated by hard copy, email, Google forms, and in-person interviews. The following were the inclusion criteria employed in this study: Each research respondent should hold a bachelor's degree in a field related to construction, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, architectural engineering, or construction project management. This criterion guaranteed that the respondents were knowledgeable about construction management's technical components. The second requirement is that research participants have at least five years of experience working on fast-track construction projects. The third criterion is that research participants should be involved in inspecting and investigating on-site safety activities. 
\section[{a) Relative Importance Index}]{a) Relative Importance Index}\par
After collecting survey data, responses from research participants were evaluated using the Relative Importance Index (RRI). RII is a non-parametric trustworthy approach used to analyze structured questionnaires with ordinal attitude assessment. The value and significance of RII reside in its capacity to determine how much a given variable contributes to the prediction of a criterion variable when used alone or in conjunction with other predictor variables. The RII for each incentive strategy was calculated using the following equation (1) Equation (  {\ref 1}) is the Relative Importance Index Equation, where n1; n2; n3; n4; and n5 are the number of respondents who selected: 1, not effective; 2, for slightly effective; 3, for effective; 4, for very effective; and 5, for highly effective, respectively. Moreover, this study adopted the classification guide in [48, p.239] to determine the level of impact of RII for each driver. See Table  {\ref III}   The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was reported as 0.779. Accordingly, the current study reported an excellent Cronbach Alpha coefficient, thus ensuring the scale's internal consistency. should boost staff morale; promote employee participation in safe behaviors, and lower incident rates. Furthermore, communicating health and safety measures can strengthen the safety climate. Lingard (2019) defines safety climate as "perceptions that employees have about their work environment that function as a reference point for leading suitable and responsive task behaviors." Workers perceive signs in their workplace and form opinions about the behaviors emphasized and appreciated in their work context, enhancing safety behavior. Effective health and safety communication occurs vertically (between workers and managers) and horizontally (between workers). Effective and open communication about health and safety is essential in fast-track construction because it notifies workers about health \& safety dangers, threats, and safe working practices. It also evokes vital information about workers' experiences and considerations and incites recommendations for ways to improve health and safety, enabling joint decision-making. 
\section[{Correlations (N=194) Total}]{Correlations (N=194) Total}
\begin{quote}
VAR1\end{quote}
 
\section[{VII.}]{VII.} 
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
This research argued that providing first aid training to construction workers is critical to promote health and safety in fast-track construction projects in Jordan and communicating health and safety measures. It also deduced that most consultants and contractors do not rely on outside health and safety consultants, and participation in hazard identification is infrequent because current safety hazard identification methods rely on expert judgment to identify risks. Thus, they cannot detect dangers in the diverse and dynamic nature of the construction environment continuously.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}(Promoting}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}(}\end{figure}
   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10485197368421052\textwidth}P{0.012582236842105262\textwidth}P{0.011184210526315788\textwidth}P{0.6095394736842105\textwidth}P{0.11184210526315788\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Barrier\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Description\tabcellsep Reference(s)\\
Provision\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep Personal\tabcellsep (PPE) keeps people who work on construction\tabcellsep (Shazwan et al., 2018).\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Protective Equipment (PPE)}\tabcellsep sites safe. It Includes safety equipment,\tabcellsep (Ammad et al., 2021).\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep protective clothing, impact-resistant clothing,\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep full-body protective clothing, personal protection\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep shield, and a cleanroom suit\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Accident Reporting and}\tabcellsep Construction accident investigation procedures\tabcellsep (Abdelhamid and Everett,\\
\multicolumn{3}{l}{Maintenance Report}\tabcellsep and reporting systems determine what kinds of\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep accidents happen and how they happen.\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Employers are required to report workplace\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep accidents within 24 hours of their occurrence.\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.3451127819548872\textwidth}P{0.5048872180451128\textwidth}}
RII score\tabcellsep Evaluation criteria\\
.200-.358\tabcellsep Very low level\\
.359-.518\tabcellsep Low level\\
.519-.678\tabcellsep Medium level\\
.679-.838\tabcellsep High level\\
.839-1.00\tabcellsep Very high level\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\label{foot_0}\footnote{\label{foot_0} Promoting Health and Safety Practices in Fast-Track Construction Projects: The Case of Jordan} 			\label{foot_1}\footnote{\label{foot_1} Year 2023 Promoting Health and Safety Practices in Fast-Track Construction Projects: The Case of Jordan} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{Discussions}]{Discussions}\par
This research investigated the policies used to promote CSSM in the Jordanian context. For brevity, only the gist of the results is provided hereinafter.\par
As the pace of construction activities increases in fast-track projects, the probability of occupational injuries and fatalities increases \hyperref[b29]{(J?drzejas and Sobala, 2018)}. Research result reveals two essential and critical policies to promote CSSM in fast-track construction projects in Jordan. Firstly, research respondents insisted on training construction workers to provide first aid in construction. A first-aid kit should be available and accessible. A first aid kit is a container used to hold goods and resources for an emergency. An occupational accident in fast-track construction projects is a sudden occurrence due to complex and hazardous activity resulting in serious injuries or death. It is a critical component that is frequently connected with ensuring the fast-track construction industry's safety. Research respondents believe that the greater the risk, the more trained individuals in first aid are required in the construction site. Getting first aid training and skills might be one of the most beneficial skills employees need to be acquainted with in fast-track construction projects. Construction workers ought to receive emergency response training to assist them to handle the worst-case scenario professionally and responding appropriately. The result of construction work-related injuries is determined by the severity of the injury and the quality of first-aid care provided \hyperref[b18]{(Fiske, 1999)}. The difference between life and death, fast vs slow recovery, and temporary versus permanent disabilities can be determined by how well-trained construction workers deal with injuries on construction sites.\par
Moreover, construction workers who have received first-aid training are eager to take personal responsibility for their safety and engage in safe conduct. Therefore, it may be more beneficial to provide first aid training to all employees at a business rather than just a few trained "first aiders." Therefore, the employer's responsibility is to offer first aid points and first aid supplies and train construction workers to provide first aid appropriately. Fairly standard practice is to have signs indicating the location of the first-aid kit and photographs of staff that provide first-aid treatment. In addition, it ought to be part of any induction course that the location of equipment and first-aiders is covered (Walsh, 1982.). Depending on the level of workplace occupational health and safety risk, the recommended ratio of "first aiders" to those not trained in first aid ranges from 1:25 to 1:50  {\ref (Vaaraanen et al., 1979)}.\par
Research participants' second most crucial safety policy is communicating health and safety measures. Improved communication tactics should promote safety awareness to minimize accident numbers and related costs. Contractors may benefit from increased safety communication by decreasing accidents, saving costs, and increasing productivity, thus enhancing added value. Communication is made efficient when mutual understanding is achieved at minimum resource expenditure  {\ref (Schermerhorn et al., 1994)}. For safety communication to be effective, it has to be understood, which is governed by the safety information to be communicated, the target audience, and the environment where information transmission occurs. There are two main communication media in fast-track construction projects: written and verbal, which can be used separately, depending on the message content \hyperref[b43]{(Preece et al., 1998)}. Safety communications should be integrated with current quality and environmental systems to avoid duplication and contradiction of standards. 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
