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\title{Assessment of Risk Management at the Design Stage of Construction Projects in Afghanistan}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Mohammad Alem  Wardak}

             \author[2]{Engineer Madiha  Salangyar}

             \author[3]{  .}

             \affil[1]{  Kabul Polytechnic University}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


In this study, as identified above, the identification of the critical factors afterwards how the management and prevention of possible risks in the design phase of the construction project are investigated, rather than the problems and shortcomings encountered in this phase of the project. Successful completion of this research will help us identify hazardous items in the design phase of construction projects, and what steps should be taken to eliminate or minimize these risks.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{risk, construction, risk management, afghanistan, risk control, riskology.}

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\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
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\begin{textblock*}{10cm}(1.05cm,3cm)
{{\textit{CrossRef DOI of original article:}} \underline{}}
\end{textblock*}\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
he importance of this issue is heightened when the Afghan government has prepared long-term plans for the development of approximately one million affordable housing units with appropriate living standards. Due to the findings of the Ministry of Urban Development and Independent Bureau of Local Authorities, Kabul Municipality and UN Habitat Research, Afghanistan's urban population has been increasing from 20\% to 24\% due to urban migration in the past two years. In the absence of housing, about 1.5 million have been observed over the years. Kabulas the largest center of internal migration represents 10\% annual growth over the past decade, also, sources indicate that 78\% of citizens seeking housing are in critical condition, according to the above report, housing problems are one of the most serious social issues in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul. So it is imperative that you pay close attention to this issue and develop comprehensive plans for addressing and resolving this issue and manage it properly. In Afghanistan, risk management will be one of the steps that will help to make these programs a reality. Given the importance of this issue, it requires a comprehensive research to identify the sources of risk and how to manage it realistically, the questions of this research are divided into two types of open and closed questions. These two types of questions are considered as questionnaire and interview form. The questions addressed in the questionnaires are quantitative and closed-ended questions that were scored by the participants. Points are given, that is, by choosing 1 of 5 options, From 1 to 5, respectively, from 5 to 1 enormous.\par
Identifying the sources of risk Get comprehensive solutions Prevent similar occurrences in future projects Accelerate the design phase of future construction projects b) When is Risk Analysis needed? Risk assessment is useful in many situations. For example:\par
1. When planning a project, to help predict and neutralize potential problems. 2. When you are deciding to go with a project. 3. When you plan to increase the level of safety and potential risk management in your workplace. 4. Be prepared for events such as equipment and technology failure, theft, employee illness, or natural disasters. 
\section[{c) How to use Risk Analysis?}]{c) How to use Risk Analysis?}\par
To apply the risk analysis, follow these steps:\par
1. Identify threats 1:1 the first stage of risk analysis is to identify existing and occurring risks. Risks that may be encountered. Abstract-In this study, as identified above, the identification of the critical factors afterwards how the management and prevention of possible risks in the design phase of the construction project are investigated, rather than the problems and shortcomings encountered in this phase of the project. Successful completion of this research will help us identify hazardous items in the design phase of construction projects, and what steps should be taken to eliminate or minimize these risks.\par
So the value of the risk of increased rent equals: 0.8 (probability of occurrence) × 500000 (fee happen) = 400000 (Risk value).\par
3. How to manage risk 3:1 once you have identified the value of the risk you are facing; you can look for a way to manage it. (Mehta Arjmand, 1396). 4. Divide the risk 4:1 You can also divide the risk with people, Groups, Organizations or other third parties as a result of the possible risks. 
\section[{Accept risk 5:}]{Accept risk 5:}\par
1 Your last choice is risk acceptance. This is usually the best option for situations where risk cannot be avoided or mitigated, When the potential risk loss is less than the cost of insurance to prevent risk, or when the potential benefit is at the risk of accepting the risk.\par
6. Risk control 6:1 if you have chosen a risk-taking solution, there are ways to reduce the impact. Past experiences are effective ways to reduce risk. Experienced managers do risky things in smaller and more manageable dimensions. You can use the results of previous tests to identify the location of the risk and take preventive action before performing large-scale work.\par
Research Methods: We are trying to clarify the facts and find ways to bring us closer to the goal. The research method of this article is divided into two sections. 
\section[{Questionnaire 2. Interview}]{Questionnaire 2. Interview}\par
The two sections are divided into 5 departments and projects with 60 expert participants. Participants in the two sections of the questionnaire and interview presented their opinions separately. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Choosing this app to get right and accurate statistics and numbers is intended to make the results work and useful.\par
1. Which of the following is the main cause of the crisis (risk) in the design phase of construction projects? 1. Questionnaire: The questions raised in the questionnaires are as follows.\par
The lack of a specific timeline for the regular development of design 24\par
Poor control of the design flow and its development 2. Which of the following is the most critical factor in the risk-taking phase of project design? Failure by donors to read interior design processes 9\par
The emergence of the deteriorating security situation 10 Political changes 1. What causes the design process in construction projects to be compromised? 2. What suggestions do you propose to prevent or minimize the crisis during the design phase of construction projects? 3. How to manage the crisis in the design phase of construction projects?\par
Table  {\ref 3} The main research issues are as follows:\par
What causes the design process in construction projects to be compromised? These two divisions are made up of a total of 60 special partners.\par
This analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Variable statistics using SPSS software are distributed in the following table and chart.  
\section[{Lack of Unit Management in Projects 2. The lack of coordination of the project team}]{Lack of Unit Management in Projects 2. The lack of coordination of the project team} 
\section[{Interview:}]{Interview:}\par
The questions in the interview section are as follows:\par
Table  {\ref 5} Table  {\ref 6} It is also considered for each factor of the table, which totals 24 tables, then check the validity of the questionnaire was using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.?? = ?? ?? ? 1 (1 ? ? ?? 2 ?? ?? ?? 2 )\par
In this formula (k) the number of questions, and (?? 2 ) is the variance of each question. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used to measure the one-dimensionality of attitudes, judgments, and other items that are not easy to measure.  
\section[{Scale Mean if}]{Scale Mean if} 
\section[{II. Conclusion}]{II. Conclusion}\par
Considering the statistics of the risk among the 24 risk identified by the researcher in the design phase of construction projects and distributed to questionnaires specialists in related fields, there are 6 types of high risk that are listed below:\par
? Lack of unit management in the project ? Lack of transformation management (inability to lead new talents in the project) \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.04730983302411874\textwidth}P{0.21867656153370438\textwidth}P{0.5645640074211503\textwidth}P{0.0047309833024118736\textwidth}P{0.008410636982065555\textwidth}P{0.0005256648113790972\textwidth}P{0.0005256648113790972\textwidth}P{0.005256648113790971\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{7}{l}{Assessment of Risk Management at the Design Stage of Construction Projects in Afghanistan}\\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{For example: When you cover your office building or}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Year 2023\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{company property list with insurance of the third party, or when you partner with another organization at the beginning of product development, you have shared the risk with them (Mehta arjmand, 1396).}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Xx XIII Issue I V ersion I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Volume )\tabcellsep No.\tabcellsep Value\tabcellsep Very low\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Low Medium Much}\tabcellsep Very much\\
( E\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\\
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering\tabcellsep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15\tabcellsep Lack of unit management in the project lack of coordination of the project team Lack of cooperation from related departments or presidency Lack of work ethics (managerial) Internal competition (Negative competition) Lack of transformation management (inability to lead new ways in the project) Appointing non-technical people in charge The planning team imbalance in knowledge Management weaknesses in not recognizing project strengths and weaknesses Appointment of people with low knowledge level Change and renewal of plan Lack of planning and communication in the project Lack of office facilities to carry out project work Sophisticated design and detail (Details) inadequate about it Delay in drawing and issuing drawings\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 16\tabcellsep Lack of risk management in projects\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 17\tabcellsep Conflict in project priorities\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 18\tabcellsep Poorly organized office project\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 19\tabcellsep Involvement in many projects at the same time\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 20\tabcellsep Vandalism, disruption and unforeseen side effects\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 21\tabcellsep Lack of attention to cultural issues and social norms in building design\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep 22\tabcellsep Inadequate design and plan information for accurate estimation and planning\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{© 2023 Global Journ als}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 1}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.03412408759124087\textwidth}P{0.7321167883211678\textwidth}P{0.0031021897810218978\textwidth}P{0.02791970802919708\textwidth}P{0.012408759124087591\textwidth}P{0.03722627737226277\textwidth}P{0.0031021897810218978\textwidth}}
No.\tabcellsep Value\tabcellsep \tabcellsep Very low\tabcellsep Low\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Medium Much}\\
\tabcellsep Number\tabcellsep 1\tabcellsep 2\tabcellsep 3\tabcellsep 4\tabcellsep 5\\
1\tabcellsep Waste of time\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
2\tabcellsep Monetary inflation\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
3\tabcellsep The rising prices of materials (market risk)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
4\tabcellsep Exchange rate fluctuations\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
5\tabcellsep Delays in project\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
6\tabcellsep Canceled project\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
7\tabcellsep Poor management's perception of the country and lack of\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep confidence from donors in the future\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
8\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 2}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.13709677419354838\textwidth}P{0.09596774193548387\textwidth}P{0.1782258064516129\textwidth}P{0.4387096774193548\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2023\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) E\\
Frequ ency\tabcellsep Percent\tabcellsep Valid Percent\tabcellsep Cumulative Percent\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_3}Table 4}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.03702415812591508\textwidth}P{0.5780746705710103\textwidth}P{0.06751464128843337\textwidth}P{0.024267935578330894\textwidth}P{0.08120424597364567\textwidth}P{0.031112737920937043\textwidth}P{0.030801610541727673\textwidth}}
Valid\tabcellsep \multicolumn{6}{l}{Lack of Work Ethics (Managerial) Frequ ency Percent Valid Percent Very low 2 8.7 8.7 Low 7 30.4 30.4 Medium 8 34.8 34.8 Much 4 17.4 17.4 Very much 2 8.7 8.7 Total 23 100.0 100.0 Lack of planning and 81.39 Cumulative Percent 8.7 39.1 73.9 91.3 100.0 210.794 communication in the project Internal Competition (Competition Negative) .515 .896 Frequ ency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Lack of office facilities to carry 82.13 211.846 .385 .899 out project work Percent Valid Very low 2 8.7 8.7 Sophisticated design and 8.7 Low 5 21.7 21.7 detail (Details) inadequate 81.78 207.178 .573 .895 30.4 Medium 3 13.0 13.0 about it 43.5 Much 7 30.4 30.4 73.9 Delay in drawing and issuing 81.57 216.075 .276 .901 drawings Very much 6 26.1 26.1 100.0 Total 23 100.0 Lack of risk management in 81.83 214.787 .241 .903 projects 100.0 Conflict in project priorities 81.83 203.332 .678 .892}\\
\tabcellsep Poorly organized office project\tabcellsep 81.61\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 204.704\tabcellsep .495\tabcellsep .896\\
Year 2023\tabcellsep Involvement in many projects at the same time Vandalism, disruption and unforeseen side effects\tabcellsep 82.52 81.74\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 210.715 208.747\tabcellsep .316 .545\tabcellsep .901 .895\\
4\tabcellsep Lack of attention to cultural issues and social norms in\tabcellsep 82.13\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 206.573\tabcellsep .478\tabcellsep .897\\
Volume Xx XIII Issue I V ersion I\tabcellsep Internal Reliability Excellent Good acceptable Questioned Poor unacceptable building design Inadequate design and plan information for accurate estimation and planning The lack of a specific timeline for the regular development of design Poor control of the design flow and its development\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Cronbach's alpha coefficient ? ? 0. 9 0. 9> ? ? 0. 8 0. 8> ? ? 0. 7 0. 7> ? ? 0. 6 0. 6> ? ? 0. 5 0. 5> ? 81.70 81.35 81.57}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{3}{l}{Case Processing Summary N \% Cases Valid 23 100.0 Excluded a 0 .0 Total 23 100.0 variables in the procedure. a. List wise deletion based on all 200.676 .661 .892 213.964 .339 .899 216.530 .367 .899}\\
)\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( E\tabcellsep Lack of unit management in the project The lack of coordination of the project team Lack of cooperation from related departments or projects Lack of work ethics (managerial) Internal competition (competition Negative) Lack of transformation management (inability to lead new ways in the project)\tabcellsep Item Deleted 81.00 81.52 82.09 82.39 81.83 81.09\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{Scale Variance if Item Deleted 223.545 201.625 198.901 204.613 198.877 204.174}\tabcellsep Total Correlation .042 .625 .745 .622 .652 .654 Corrected Item-\tabcellsep Alpha if Item Deleted .904 .893 .890 .893 .892 .893 Cronbach's\\
\tabcellsep Appointing non-technical people in charge\tabcellsep 81.04\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 212.771\tabcellsep .422\tabcellsep .898\\
\tabcellsep The scheme imbalance in knowledge\tabcellsep 81.96\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 210.316\tabcellsep .432\tabcellsep .898\\
\tabcellsep Management weaknesses in\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep not recognizing project\tabcellsep 81.26\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 201.929\tabcellsep .692\tabcellsep .892\\
\tabcellsep strengths and weaknesses\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep Appointment of people with low knowledge level\tabcellsep 81.65\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 206.874\tabcellsep .537\tabcellsep .895\\
\tabcellsep Change and renewal of plan\tabcellsep 82.04\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 199.862\tabcellsep .589\tabcellsep .894\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{© 2023 Global Journ als}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_4}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.31835205992509363\textwidth}P{0.4870786516853932\textwidth}P{0.04456928838951311\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep Lack of unit\\
\tabcellsep management\\
Office of poor\tabcellsep Project team\\
organization\tabcellsep miscoordination\\
\tabcellsep Risk factors at the\tabcellsep Year 2023\\
\tabcellsep design stage\\
Management\tabcellsep Lack of\\
weaknesses in not\tabcellsep transformation\\
recognizing\tabcellsep management\\
strengths and weaknesses\tabcellsep Appointing non-technical people at\\
\tabcellsep the helm\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ( ) E\\
Bibliography\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_5}?}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2023 Global Journ als ( )} 		 		\backmatter  			 			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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