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\title{Optimisation of Manufacturing Processes with the Help of Work Measurement Techniques (MOST) -A Case Study}
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             \author[1]{Nitish  Kumar}

             \author[2]{Aditya  Raj}

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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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\begin{abstract}
        


?Productivity? in the modern era has become a common term in any sector. Increasing productivity and better use of human and other resources have become a basic need for the development and survival of any organisation. Similarly, in the industrial sector, it holds a very important place. For the enhancement of productivity, targeting the processes and various operations/activities underlying those processes is one of the best ways. This can be achieved by the reduction in non-value-added activities and by developing time standards for the improvement of the processes. Various work measurement techniques can be used to analyse the time being used to perform an operation and critical analysis of them can help in deciding the standard time for a single operation. This study was done to determine the effects of these work measurement techniques on an operation. The study uses detailed activity analysis techniques like micro-motion study and for setting time standards it uses a predetermined motion time systems (PMTS) technique called Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST). Micro-motion study has an added advantage over time study technique in highly repetitive operations and cycle time for whose is just a few seconds. The main purpose of the micro-motion study, however, is to eliminate non-value added activities from the sequence of the operation and resequencing for optimal movement activities. The MOST study is done to set time standards by observing the necessary movements in the sequence of an operation. Different families of MOST can be used to analyse an operation based on various factors that need to be considered beforehand. Due to the high repetition rate and very low cycle times of the operation considered in this study we are using the MiniMOST technique. It is evident from the study done that a considerable reduction in cycle times can be observed going from analysis to standardisation stage. A similar procedure can be used to analyse other operations where human intervention is needed.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{productivity, micro-motion study, predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), maynard operation sequence technique (MOST), time standards.}

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\section[{Optimisation of Manufacturing Processes with the Help of Work Measurement Techniques (MOST) -A Case Study}]{Optimisation of Manufacturing Processes with the Help of Work Measurement Techniques (MOST) -A Case Study}\par
Abstract-"Productivity" in the modern era has become a common term in any sector. Increasing productivity and better use of human and other resources have become a basic need for the development and survival of any organisation. Similarly, in the industrial sector, it holds a very important place. For the enhancement of productivity, targeting the processes and various operations/activities underlying those processes is one of the best ways. This can be achieved by the reduction in non-value-added activities and by developing time standards for the improvement of the processes. Various work measurement techniques can be used to analyse the time being used to perform an operation and critical analysis of them can help in deciding the standard time for a single operation. This study was done to determine the effects of these work measurement techniques on an operation. The study uses detailed activity analysis techniques like micromotion study and for setting time standards it uses a predetermined motion time systems (PMTS) technique called Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST). Micromotion study has an added advantage over time study technique in highly repetitive operations and cycle time for whose is just a few seconds. The main purpose of the micromotion study, however, is to eliminate non-value added activities from the sequence of the operation and resequencing for optimal movement activities. The MOST study is done to set time standards by observing the necessary movements in the sequence of an operation. Different families of MOST can be used to analyse an operation based on various factors that need to be considered beforehand. Due to the high repetition rate and very low cycle times of the operation considered in this study we are using the MiniMOST technique. It is evident from the study done that a considerable reduction in cycle times can be observed going from analysis to standardisation stage. A similar procedure can be used to analyse other operations where human intervention is needed. 
\section[{Keywords: productivity, micro-motion study, predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), maynard operation sequence technique (MOST), time standards.}]{Keywords: productivity, micro-motion study, predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), maynard operation sequence technique (MOST), time standards.}\par
I. Introduction he definition of "productivity" from a manufacturing perspective can be basically stated as "the ratio of output to input in production" and it is a measure of efficiency which makes both terms distinct. For productivity enhancement, first, we need to measure and analyse the existing processes. In the manufacturing industry, different techniques are undertaken to measure and analyse the productivity of processes undergoing to manufacture a product. Micro motion study of the elements of various operations is one of these techniques.\par
The operations or activities which are of short duration and are highly repetitive are analysed with the help of micro-motion study. These are the operations or motions which require very small time which makes it very difficult to measure time for these motions accurately and the time required by these motions is needed to be analysed thoroughly due to their repetitive nature. "Thus micro motion study can be defined as the technique of recording and analysing the timing of basic elements of an operation and time involved in doing these operations with the objective of achieving the best method of performing the operation and removing any non-value added activity from the operation." Micromotion study as a whole involves the following three simple steps:i. Filming the operation under analysis. ii. Gathering of the data from the films. iii. Making a recording of the data using a SIMO chart.\par
"SIMO" stands for simultaneous-Motion Cycle chart. It is a micro-motion study recording technique devised by Gilbreth and it presents graphically the separable elements of each limb of the operator under study along with the time taken to perform these activities. It is an extremely detailed left and right-hand operation chart which uses various therbligs to define each activity with certain symbols and legends. It records simultaneously the different therbligs performed by different parts of the body of one or more operators on a common time scale. The movements involved in any operation are recorded against time measured in "Winks" (1 wink= 1/2000th of a minute). SIMO Study is Year 2022 ( ) J done in order to carry out a critical analysis of elements in an operation to explore the possibility of the followingadded activity out of the sequence of steps in an operation.\par
decrease cycle times of an operation.\par
For the standardization of the steps or elements and to determine the time standards we can further improve the processes by performing a technique called pre-determined motion time system (PMTS). A predetermined motion time system may be defined as a procedure/method which can be used to analyse any manual activity/human motion in terms of the basic or fundamental motions required to perform it. Each of these activities is assigned a predetermined or a previously established standard time value in such a manner that on the addition of these time values provides a total time for the performance of an activity.\par
Time measurement unit (TMU), defined as 0.00001 hours, or 0.036 seconds, is used as the basis for the time values of these activities in many cases. Measuring work in TMUs, allows the measurer to make very accurate calculations without lengthy decimals. This technique is especially helpful in high-volume production environments. There are different predetermined motion time systems developed after their introduction in the 1920s.\par
Some of the Motion time analysis techniques along with their time of origin and developers- Maynard operation sequence technique (MOST) is a predetermined motion time systems technique that concentrates on the movement of objects. The repetition of the movements can be variable and is used to define the MOST family to be used for analysis. Repetition of movements can be based on certain accuracy and confidence level on the basis of which the number of repetitions under consideration can change. It is used to analyse work and to set the time standards that it would take to perform a particular process/operation. MOST is a powerful analytical tool to measure and analyse all the time spent on a task. It makes the analysis of work an approachable, practical, manageable and cost-effective task. MOST analysis is a complete study of an operation or sub-operation typically consisting of several method steps and a corresponding sequence model. It is comprised of work study, method study, and work measurement tools. In the organization under study, the excess time in operator's activity and fatigue of a worker.\par
In the BasicMOST we need three activity sequences for describing manual work, and a fourth is used for measuring the movements of objects with manual cranes. analysis of the spatial movement of an object freely through the air.\par
The sequence model is a series of letters or parameters that are used for representing the various sub-activities of General Move.\par
The General Move Sequence Model with the definitions for each parameter is as follows: 
\section[{A B G A B P A}]{A B G A B P A}\par
Where: A =Action Distance B =Body Motion G = Gain Control P = Placement the analysis of the movement of an object when it remains in contact with a surface or is attached to another object during the movement (e.g., the movement of the object is controlled by some constraints).\par
The sequence model is a series of letters or parameters representing the various sub-activities of Controlled Move and is listed below: level. An operation that ranges from more than 2 minutes to several hours falls in this category.Global\par
Used to analyse the operations that are likely to be performed more than 150 times but less than 1500 times a week at an accuracy requirement of 5\% with a 95\% confidence level. An operation that ranges from a few seconds to 10 minutes falls in this category.\par
Used to analyse the operations that are repeated more than 1500 times a week with an accuracy of 5\% with a 95\% confidence level. An operation that lasts less than a few seconds falls in this category. 
\section[{b) System Family Selection Flowchart}]{b) System Family Selection Flowchart}\par
In order to make decision of MOST family to be selected for the analysis of the operation, we need to undergo a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the operation. Below (Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{1}) is a flowchart prepared to undergo the analysis involved of the operation involved in the MOST study. ? The Manual Crane Sequence Model is used for the analysis of the movement of objects using a manually traversed crane. 
\section[{a) MOST System Families}]{a) MOST System Families}\par
Used to analyse the operations that are likely to be performed fewer than 150 times a week at an overall accuracy requirement of 5\% with a 95\% confidence i. Maxi MOST (Higher level)\par
Procedure for MOST Analysis: 1. Determine job/task and film the operation. 2. Perform a detailed analysis of the operation.  
\section[{Analysis and breakdown of the job into elements}]{Analysis and breakdown of the job into elements}\par
Detailed observation of the video generated can give us an idea of various activities being performed. These activities can then be assigned respective therbligs. The activity differentiation, in this case, needs to be very detailed as it is the basis of the SIMO chart to be prepared.   Below is a revised SIMO chart made by analysing effective and ineffective therbligs to eliminate non-necessary and non-value added activities from the operation. Differentiating these activities is a crucial process as this step adds value to the study being performed. There may be some ineffective activities that assist other effective activities, so we need to consider them accordingly. Resequencing of the various activities can also be performed in this step so that the total cycle time can be decreased. Year 2022 Determining the type and family to be used in the analysis of the operation:\par
The observed cycle time from the micro-motion study is 13.53 seconds which is less than 30 seconds.\par
Calculation of the frequency of occurrence of the operation-The annual demand for the product is 200000 pieces.\par
So, the weekly demand for the product=200000/52 = 3,847 (approx.)\par
That gives repetition of operation as 3847 times per week approximately as the frequency of occurrence of this operation is once for a product which implies it to be more than 1500 repetitions a week. 
\section[{Developing the decision table for selection of the MOST family to be used-}]{Developing the decision table for selection of the MOST family to be used-}\par
Below (Fig.  {\ref 2}) is a flowchart prepared to undergo the analysis involved of the operation involved in this study-Fig.  {\ref 2}: Decision table for determining family to be used As evident from the above decision table, we need to perform the MiniMOST technique for the evaluation of this operation with a detailed description of activities.\par
The move sequences of activities for the operation 1. Keeping the sitting posture, reaching without bending, grasping the handle sub-assembly with the left hand located at around 30 cm from the assembly position, moving it without bending towards the comfortable assembly position and holding and retaining them for further operations. 2. Simultaneously, picking up the handle grip located at 30 cm from the assembly position with the right hand, moving it towards the assembly position and positioning it on top of the handle sub-assembly with precise placement, accuracy less than 4mm and initial insertion of more than 20mm. 3. Releasing left hand and with the movement of more than 10 cm and less than 20 cm again grasping the grip. 4. By applying heavy force with both hands and overcoming friction, positioning of handle grip on handle sub-assembly with a movement of more than 10 cm, aligning it with the pin insertion hole. 5. Un-holding the grip from the right hand and positioning it comfortably at a distance of around more than 10 cm and less than 20 cm. 6. Moving the assembled part to the conveyor belt with the left hand at around 30 cm, setting it on the conveyor belt and moving it back to a comfortable position at around 30 cm.\par
MiniMOST Analysis sheet based on the sequence of activities:-Below (Fig. \hyperref[fig_5]{3}) is analysis sheet prepared by analysing activities involved in the operation under consideration of this study- workforce in the initial phases but with proper training and motivation, it can be effectively implemented in any organisation to improve productivity and increase profits. Increased profits can in turn help the workforce in the form of increased wages and incentives.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}JA}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Fig. 1 :J?}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{334}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}3 . 3 . 4 .}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}J}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Table 4 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{figure8}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png}
\caption{\label{figure9}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.10434782608695652\textwidth}P{0.6456521739130434\textwidth}P{0.06956521739130435\textwidth}P{0.03043478260869565\textwidth}}
PMTS\tabcellsep Developer\tabcellsep Time\tabcellsep Speed\\
MTA\tabcellsep Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lilian Gilbreth\tabcellsep 1924\tabcellsep \\
MTM-1\tabcellsep Maynard, Stegemerten and Schawb\tabcellsep 1948\tabcellsep \\
MTM-2\tabcellsep International MTM Directorate\tabcellsep 1965\tabcellsep 3-4X\\
MTM-3\tabcellsep International MTM Directorate\tabcellsep 1970\tabcellsep 7X\\
MTM-V\tabcellsep Swedish MTM Association\tabcellsep \tabcellsep 23X\\
MTM-C\tabcellsep International MTM Directorate\tabcellsep 1978\tabcellsep \\
MTM-M\tabcellsep International MTM Directorate\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
MOST\tabcellsep Zandin (1980), originally applied in Saab-Scania in Sweden in 1967\tabcellsep 1980\tabcellsep \\
MODAPTS\tabcellsep Chris Heyde\tabcellsep 1983\tabcellsep \end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Year 2022\\
76\\
III V ersion I\\
Volume Xx XII Issue\\
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2022 Global Journals]} 
\caption{\label{tab_1}Table 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_2}Table 3 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2022 Global Journals} 			\footnote{© 2022 Global Journals ( ) J} 			\footnote{( ) J} 		 		\backmatter  			 
\subsection[{IV. Results and Conclusion}]{IV. Results and Conclusion}\par
On the basis of the case study done and calculations performed we can conclude that optimisation of processes can be achieved by directing our interest on individual operations. Advanced work measurement techniques like Maynard Operation Sequence Technique (MOST) can be used along with some detailed method analysis like Gilbreth's micromotion study to set standards for the workforce to increase productivity to optimal levels. Moreover, it has applications like removing non-value added elements from targeted operations and removing bottlenecks by setting standards. It may face some challenges from the			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
