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\title{Handover and Call Drop Optimization}
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             \author[1]{Pa Malick  Badjie}

             \author[2]{Goueye Bi  Vanie}

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\date{\small \em Received: 12 October 2021 Accepted: 10 November 2021 Published: 22 November 2021}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Optimization initiatives generally include leveraging technologies and optimizing existing network systems for the purpose of quality of service (QoS) implementation, redundant data elimination, data compression, improved application delivery, traffic shaping to reduce packet loss. This article aims to meet the requirements by on-site engineers on solving handover and call drop problems. The challenges faced by telecommunications companies remains a menace and a huge problem for the Gambia and the world at large. The researchers have done some tremendous work in this branch of wireless communications, unfortunately, it still remains unraveled. Relatively, handover is closely very linked to call drop. Handover failure probably leads to call drop and therefore handover-caused call drop is arranged in handover success rate optimization. This paper describes the methods for evaluating network handover and call drop performance, testing and troubleshooting methods.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{handover, call drop, and optimization.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
s GSM technology continues to advance with extremely remarkable features especially in data evolution aspects like LTE and 5G, the need to provide proper and effective interfaces between those features and lower evolutions like Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) which support voice is indeed a great necessity to ensure uninterrupted continuous of services \hyperref[b3]{[4]}. One of the most remarkable features of the 3G network is their integration with 2G networks. The current deployment of CS networks provides enabling interoperability and flexibility in handling handovers to allow uninterrupted continues of services.\par
The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) coverage on one hand provides an extra coverage in the low signal strength region \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. When a User Equipment (UE) establishes a call while in one UTRAN Registration Area (URA) and moving to another URA, in the handover region, the UE measures and compares the signaling received from the new cell detected through cell reselection (IRAT reselection) processes and hence attempts to make a successful handover provided the cell it camps on (serving cell) has a neighboring relations with the best detected or measured cell and that minimum Ec/Io and RSCP are met \hyperref[b5]{[6]}. If this attempt of handover fails it can then lead of a possible call drop. This document aims to meet the requirements by on-site engineers on solving handover and call drop problems and the optimization methodology required for evaluating network handover and call drop performance, testing and troubleshooting methods.\par
This paper is organized as follows: The Section I above describes a brief introduction of the concepts of handover and call drop being closely related. Section II represent the flow chart clearly indicating the necessary steps in detecting, evaluation, analysis and implementation of call drop and handover challenges. Section III represents the design and implementation of Drive Test (DT) procedure and optimization systems. Section IV aims at network optimization in handover success and call drop rates, detailing the specific network operation flow. In addition, to analyze common problems during network optimization; and finally the conclusions and references in the last Section V II. Since handover failures are hardly due to data configurations errors or mismatch as the errors in these configurations most often leads to a related alarms usually displayed on the monitoring tool. Therefore, this section will focus on SHO to describe the optimization flow which which might not be seen on the monotoring tool except for a drive test collected data on-site.\par
The flowchart of the proposed Soft Handover Drive Test detection and analysis is shown in Fig:  {\ref 2}  In detecting and evaluating handover and call drop problems, a drive test is always a neccessity to collect data, understand related signaling trace, RNC CHR and RNC MML Script. During the test, SHOcaused call drop might occur or SHO might fail, this spot is to be recorded and the time of occurrence of the problem also be noted for further location and analysis. 
\section[{b) Missing Neighbor Cell}]{b) Missing Neighbor Cell}\par
During the early optimization, a premature guess would be a call drop is usually due to missing neighbors. For intra-frequency neighbor cells, the following methods should be used to comfirm intrafrequency missing neighbor cell. As neighboring ralations between cells of a network are very important to allow continues use of services, and since missing neighbor cell causes call drop, redundant neighbor cells also impacts network performance and increases the consumption of UE intra-frequency measurement. If this problem becomes critically serious, the necessary cells cannot be listed. 
\section[{c) Pilot Pollution}]{c) Pilot Pollution}\par
Another factor affecting call drop and handover failure is pilot pollution. Pilot pollution usually exist at a point where excessive strong pilots exists, but no one is stronge enough to be the primary pilot.\par
By definition, when setting rules for judging pilot pollution, confirm the following content: ? Definition of strong pilot: whether a pilot is strong depends on the absolute strength of the pilot, which is measured by Received Signal Code Power (RSCP). If the pilot RSCP is greater than a threshold, the pilot is a strong pilot, namely: According to the signaling flow, the UE reports the 1a and 1c measurement reports of neighbor cells before a call drop. Then the RNC receives the event and sends the active set update, which the UE fails to receive. ? Ping-pong Handover Ping-pong handover is of the two forms below -Since the best server changes frequently, two or more cells continuously alternate to be the best server. Also, since the period for each cell to be best server is short, the RSCP of the best server is strong. -Multiple cells exist with little difference of abnormal RSCP, the Ec/Io for each cell is bad and therefore, no primary pilot cell exists.\par
Referencing the signaling flow, when a cell is deleted, the 1a event is immediately reported. Consequently, the UE fails because it cannot receive the active set update command. 
\section[{e) Abnormal Equipment}]{e) Abnormal Equipment}\par
The failures or abnormal functionalities can always be troubleshooted starting with the alarm console for abnorma alarms. Meanwhile the trace messages are to be analyze, locate the SHO problem by checking the failure message. 
\section[{f) Reperforming Drive Test and Locating Problems}]{f) Reperforming Drive Test and Locating Problems}\par
If the problem is not due to any of the previous causes, perform DT again and collect DT data and supplemet data from problem analysis.\par
After confirming the cause to the problem, adjust the network by using the following pertinent methods:\par
-For handover problems caused by pilot pollution, adjust engineering parameters of antenna so that a best server forms around the antenna. Also, adjust engineering parameters of other antennas so that signals from other antennas become weaker and the number of pilots drop.  The Genex software is installed in the laptop as a tool to collect visualized data being collected, the route taken during the drive test and records the data to be analyzed with another software called "Genex Assistant". 
\section[{b) GPS Tool}]{b) GPS Tool}\par
The GPS tracker keeps tabsof the movemets of the drive test car on a map so as to cover the target route 
\section[{c) Drive Test mobile phone}]{c) Drive Test mobile phone}\par
One of the most important tools is the MS as the purpose of the drive test is to understand its behaviour in idle and connected modes. The tools make a capture of the events the MS is going through during the drive test like attempted calls, successful andunsuccessful calls, handover success rates, call drop rates, while also measuring the thresholds sets (coverage, offset, etc) for minimum handovers. 
\section[{d) The Inverter}]{d) The Inverter}\par
The inverter used here will be a DC to AC inverter. Its purpose is to keep the laptop charged during the drive test as it might be discharged during the drive test when the target drive test is not completed leading to either stop the drive test or lossage of data when it turns off by its completely discharged. 
\section[{IV. Network Optimization of Call Drop Rate and Handover}]{IV. Network Optimization of Call Drop Rate and Handover}\par
The call drop point is related to signaling flow before call drop. The call drop can also be seen during the drive test analysis on a Genex Assistant tool like shown in    If only the UE recorded information during test, without scanner information, then the call drop due to missing neighbor cell is to be confirmed using the following methods:\par
? Confirm the scrambles of all cells in active set and the scrambles of cells in monitor set measured by UE before a call drop. ? Compare the scramble information of the cell where the UE camps on after reselection, after a call drop and the scrambles in UE active setand monitor set before a call drop. If the former scramble is not in the scramble list of active and monitor set before call drop, then the call drop is probably due to missing neighbor cell ? Check the neighbor cell list. This applies for solving call drop due to missing neighbor cell on site. 
\section[{b) Solution}]{b) Solution}\par
When a call drop is as a result of missing neighbor cell, then the neighbor cell should be added. This is because the RNC (Radio Network Controller) updates measurement control according to the best cell which is obtainable by searching for intra-frequency measurement report with 1D event before measurement control is sent.\par
In the post drive test, after adding the missing neighbors, another call drop was recorded but this time it was not due to RF (Radio Frequency) reason. The scrambles of all cells in active set and the scrambles of cells in monitor set measured by UE before and after a call drop are indeed neighbor cells as seen in figure \hyperref[fig_3]{4}.3  
\section[{Conclusions}]{Conclusions}\par
In this paper, we have seen that handover is actually closely related to call drop. Hence, call drop minimization techniques employed here to reduce the number of call drops and enhance handover in mobile cellular networks are indeed efficient and reliable. One should not only limit to these techniques as there are many reasons leading to call drops and handover failures such a transmission failures, faulty channels, etc. However, for an optimization engineer, a drive test \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{21}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 2 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Set}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 4}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{31}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}Fig: 3 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{41}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 4 . 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{42}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png}
\caption{\label{fig_6}Fig. 4 . 2 :}\end{figure}
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
Confirm it by\\
measurement control (search the messages back\\
from call drop for the latest intra-frequency\\
measurement control message. Also check the\\
neighbor cell list of this measurement control\\
message)\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: ? Check the active set Ec/Io recorded by UE before call drop and Best Server Ec/Io recorded by scanner. Check whether the Best Server scramble recorded by Scanner is in the neighbor cell list of intra-frequence measurement control before call drop. The cause might be intra-frequency missing neighbor cell if all the following conditions are met: -The Ec/Io recorded by UE is bad -The Best Server Ec/Io is good -]} 
\caption{\label{tab_2}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.004632152588555858\textwidth}P{0.8453678474114441\textwidth}}
-\tabcellsep For abnormal equipment, consult customer service\\
\tabcellsep engineer for abnormal equipment and transport\\
\tabcellsep layer on alarms console If alarms are present on\\
\tabcellsep alarm console, cooperate with customer service\\
\tabcellsep engineers\\
-\tabcellsep For call drop caused by delayed handover, adjust\\
\tabcellsep antennas to expand the handover areas, set the\\
\tabcellsep handover parameters of 1a event or increase CIO\\
\tabcellsep (Cell Independent Offset) to enable handover to\\
\tabcellsep occur in advance.\\
-\tabcellsep For needle effect or turning corner effect, setting\\
\tabcellsep CIO to 5 dB is proper, but this increases handover\\
\tabcellsep ratio.\\
-\tabcellsep For call drop caused by Ping-pong handover, adjust\\
\tabcellsep the antenna to form a best server or reduce Ping-\\
\tabcellsep pong handover by setting the handover parameter\\
\tabcellsep of 1B event, the 1B event threshold, 1B hysteresis\\
\tabcellsep and 1B delay trigger time.\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: © 2022 Global JournalsGlobal Journal of Researches in Engineering]} 
\caption{\label{tab_3}}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2022 Global Journals} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
is always an necessary to confirm the cause of call drops or degradation in handovers.  
\subsection[{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}]{Global Journal of Researches in Engineering}			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\bibitem[Malick Badjie et al. ()]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		\textit{Smart Patient Monitoring System for Emergency Situations},  		 			Pa Malick Badjie 		,  		 			K Lokesh Krishna 		,  		 			Sreeza Tarafder 		,  		 			Pappu Singha 		.  		2018.  	 
\bibitem[Li et al. (2008)]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		‘Wbest: A bandwidth estimation tool for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks’.  		 			M Li 		,  		 			M Claypool 		,  		 			R Kinicki 		.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)},  				 (Montreal, Canada)  		October, 2008. p. .  	 
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\end{document}
