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\def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}% } {\end{list}\end{raggedright}} \newenvironment{specHead}[2]% {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}% \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}% \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}% \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}% }{} \def\TheFullDate{2015-07-15 (revised: 15 July 2015)} \def\TheID{\makeatother } \def\TheDate{2015-07-15} \title{Influence of the Projectile's Length on Interrupted Dynamic Tension Experiment Results By RA González-Lezcano \& JM del Río} \author{}\makeatletter \makeatletter \newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{% \clearpage \if@twoside \ifodd\c@page \hbox{}\newpage \if@twocolumn \hbox{}\newpage \fi \fi \fi } \makeatother \makeatletter \thispagestyle{empty} \markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author} \renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@ \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@ \belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@ 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\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space} }{% \vskip8pt \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}} \vskip16pt } \usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos} \makeatother \usepackage{lineno} \linenumbers \begin{document} \author[1]{Roberto Alonso Gonzalez Lezcano} \author[2]{Jose Manuel del Rio} \affil[1]{ Universidad CEU San Pablo} \renewcommand\Authands{ and } \date{\small \em Received: 14 June 2015 Accepted: 3 July 2015 Published: 15 July 2015} \maketitle \begin{abstract} The main focus of this work is to discuss the influence of the projectile?s length on the results of a Split Hopkinson Tension Bar (SHTB) experiment. By using the commercial software ABAQUS, finite element simulations of high-strain-rate tension experiments are accomplished on Aluminium 7017-T73 alloy specimens when varying the length of the projectile employed. The finite element analyses described herein are applied to simulate the effects of the variation of the projectile?s length on the measurements obtained in the incident, reflected, and transmission bars. Different strain rates are obtained when varying the projectile?s length always provided that its speed remains constant. The simulation results show that the projectile?s length has a significant effect on the strain obtained in the specimen and also on the subsequent stress-strain curve of the specimen. In view of this research, it can be concluded that the projectile?s length is a factor that can resolutely influence the interrupted dynamic tension experiment results since it has a significant effect on the strain obtained within the specimen. The simulations also provide complementary information to the experiments and an in-depth understanding of the specimen?s behaviour. \end{abstract} \keywords{tension experiment, high-strain-rate testing, stressâ??"strain curve, finite element method, split hopkinson tension bar, mechanical characterization.} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark} \end{textblock*} \begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) \textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}} \end{textblock*} \let\tabcellsep& \section[{Influence of the Projectile's Length on Interrupted Dynamic Tension Experiment Results}]{Influence of the Projectile's Length on Interrupted Dynamic Tension Experiment Results}\par RA González-Lezcano ? \& JM del Río ?\par Abstract-The main focus of this work is to discuss the influence of the projectile's length on the results of a Split Hopkinson Tension Bar (SHTB) experiment. By using the commercial software ABAQUS, finite element simulations of high-strain-rate tension experiments are accomplished on Aluminium 7017-T73 alloy specimens when varying the length of the projectile employed. The finite element analyses described herein are applied to simulate the effects of the variation of the projectile's length on the measurements obtained in the incident, reflected, and transmission bars. Different strain rates are obtained when varying the projectile's length always provided that its speed remains constant. The simulation results show that the projectile's length has a significant effect on the strain obtained in the specimen and also on the subsequent stress-strain curve of the specimen. In view of this research, it can be concluded that the projectile's length is a factor that can resolutely influence the interrupted dynamic tension experiment results since it has a significant effect on the strain obtained within the specimen. The simulations also provide complementary information to the experiments and an in-depth understanding of the specimen's behaviour.\par Keywords: tension experiment, high-strain-rate testing, stress-strain curve, finite element method, split hopkinson tension bar, mechanical characterization. \section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par everal techniques have been widely implemented in characterizing the high-strain-rate mechanical behaviour of engineering materials in order to optimize their use. The most common method for determining such dynamic behaviour is the Split Hopkinson Bar, which can be used both in tension (SHTB) and compression (SHCB). The Split Hopkinson Bar is used to test materials at strain rates as high as 10 4 s -1 . Simultaneously, damage evaluation and safety assessment of the integrity of structural elements under dynamic loading have recently drawn the attention of researchers. In this field, material dynamic response and dynamic constitutive material models are still necessary. The dynamic behaviour of materials studies have become increasingly relevant to many technological applications, such as those of Aeronautics, in which structural elements may undergo impacts due to the vulnerability of satellites and spacecrafts to collisions with space debris. It is also crucial in the Transportation Industry, in which under the hardest working conditions there is insufficient time for stress equilibrium to be achieved within the materials employed. Finally, it is also relevant in Ballistics, where modeling of armour panels under projectile impacts must become accurate.Quasistatic loading is applied so slowly that materials deform at a very low strain rate and therefore the inertia forces can be ignored. On the contrary, in a dynamic loading, impact involves a load which is quickly applied over a short time duration and therefore the inertia forces must be definitely considered. Whereas a quasi-static test can be interrupted at any time to study the microstructure of the material under a determined strain level, interrupting a dynamic test becomes an arduous issue.Therefore, the main focus of this work is to study the behaviour of materials under high strain rates and develop a tool which permits the materials being tested to undergo different levels of strain and strain rates in a controlled manner. In order to meet such requirements, the belowreferred setup relevant to the viability of a SHTB model has been accomplished: 1. Finite element simulation of high-strain-rate tension experiments using different strain rates and projectile's lengths. \section[{Comparison of the stresses and strains obtained at}]{Comparison of the stresses and strains obtained at}\par a determined strain rate and study of the influence of the projectile's length on the interrupted dynamic tension experiment results. 3. Design of a SHTB model when using an Aluminium 7017-T73 alloy in which the effect of the projectile's length can be taken into account. \section[{II. Experimental Apparatus}]{II. Experimental Apparatus}\par The SHTB apparatus as installed in the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Engineering Laboratory shown in figure \hyperref[fig_0]{1} The yield strength of the material used to fabricate the bars must be high enough to withstand the strains reached during the experiment. Its remaining properties must be precisely determined in order to foster the most reliable results.\par Two strain gauges mounted on the incident and transmission bars enable the stress waves to be measured, as shown in fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{2}. The information gathered by the strain gauges is sent to a data acquisition system that consists of a signal conditioner and an oscilloscope, where test data can be computed. The specimen ends are screwed into both the incident and transmission bars. The incident bar, which is longer than the transmission bar, is impacted by the projectile.\par The basic principle is to use a tubular projectile which impacts the flange of the incident bar to generate compression waves that will be converted to tensile waves by the flange. The projectile is a hollow cylinder that is launched using a chamber with compressed gas with a maximum pressure of 8 bar. The optimum pressure in every test for the required impact can be chosen using a control valve. \section[{III. Results}]{III. Results}\par The primary assumptions of the SHTB analysis are the uniform deformation of the specimen and the absence of stresses in transverse direction. Other assumptions include a constant strain rate while testing and quick equilibration of stresses in the specimen. According to the one-dimensional wave theory and the assumption of a uniaxial and homogeneous stress and strain in the specimen, the stress, strain and strain rate can be therefore calculated. The one-dimensional elastic wave theory is valid only if wave dispersion due to three-dimensional effects (radial inertia of the bars) can be neglected. Therefore, the difference in the inner and outer elements considered must be negligible in the FE model as well.\par All data shown below are relevant to the centre of the specimen (i.e. the area in which stresses and strains in the specimen reach their maximum values). Four elements are selected both in the incident and transmission bars at the strain gauge's height. They areplaced at a distance equal to 0, 4, 7.5, and 11 mm with respect to the centre of the bar.\par The graphs depicted in figures 3 and 4 illustrate that there is no significant difference in the values obtained from the four elements considered. The one-dimensional wave theory is met for a strain rate equal to 1,300s -1 and a 33-cm long projectile. Other numerical simulations are accomplished to obtain the stress, the strain, and the strain rate corresponding to 20-cm long, 40-cm long, and 55-cm long projectiles. The longest projectile produces a wave in which the stress values become the highest ones. On the contrary, the shortest projectile produces a wave in which the stress values happen to be the lowest ones. The incident wave caused by the 55-cm long projectile yields a maximum stress value equal to 480 MPa and the reflected wave relating to such projectile's length turns out a maximum stress value equal to 455 MPa. The incident wave caused by the 40-cm long projectile reaches a stress value of 350 MPa and the pertaining reflected wave yields 330 MPa. 175 MPa are reached by the incident wave and 155 MPa by the reflected wave when using the 20-cm long projectile. As shown in fig. \hyperref[fig_4]{5}, the incident wave is larger than the reflected one. This is due to the strike of the incident wave, which is partly reflected and partly transmitted to the specimen.\par Every wave starts at 0.47 msand there is a slight difference in time duration when comparing the time values obtained by each projectile. The highest duration corresponds to the longest projectile. Such difference is minimal, since the waves' speed is really high(close to 5,170 m/s).\par Another significant difference can be noticed when switching over from the incident wave to the reflected one. In this case the wave relevant to the shortest projectile tends to become horizontal, whereas those of the other ones remain inclined along the same portion of the curve. It can also be observed that the wave pertaining to the longest projectile happens to be the most inclined one. This occurrence shows that the longer the projectile is, the longer the time duration of the wave.\par The transmitted waves are taken from the transmission bar of the model. The measurements are also taken from the points in which the strain gauges are placed in a real experiment. Figure \hyperref[fig_6]{6} Figure \hyperref[fig_6]{6} shows that the maximum values of the waves transmitted by both the 55-cm long and the 40cm long projectiles are alike. This occurrence is due to the high strains reached by the specimen, which are actually over its failure strain. Therefore, under such conditions the specimens would break after necking.\par On the contrary, the specimen undergoes lower strain values when it isimpacted by the 20-cm projectile. The specimen does not reach its ultimate tensile strength and therefore no necking effects are observed in the specimen. Figure \hyperref[fig_8]{7} shows the strain values caused in the midpoint of the specimen's gauge length resulting from the impacts of projectiles with different sizes. It can be observed that the highest strains turn out to occur when using the longest projectiles. The slope of the linear portions of each curveindicates the value of the strain rate. Since the steepest slope is that of the 55-cm long projectile, it can be inferred that the longest projectile causes a higher strain rate than the others. The strain rate of the specimen is computed as the derivative of the variation of strain with time at the midpoint of the sample. Figure 9 shows the values of strain rates obtained when using different lengths of the same projectile. \section[{Global}]{Global}\par It can be observed that the 55-cm long projectile impacts at a strain rate equal to 2100s â?"?1 approximately, whereas the 40-cm long projectile reaches a maximum value of the strain rate which is in the region of 1500s â?"?1 .The 20-cm long projectile impacts around 1000s â?"?1 . undergoes the maximum strain values. The higher the strain rate is, the lower its time duration. The strains and strain rates obtained are higher when using the 50-cm long projectile.It can be deduced that if specimens with higher ultimate tensile strength are to be tested, the impact pressure in the incident bar must increase or otherwise longer projectiles must be used. \section[{IV. Conclusions}]{IV. Conclusions}\begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png} \caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png} \caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png} \caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 3 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{4}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png} \caption{\label{fig_3}Figure 4 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{5}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png} \caption{\label{fig_4}Figure 5 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png} \caption{\label{fig_5}I}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{6}\includegraphics[]{image-8.png} \caption{\label{fig_6}Figure 6 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-9.png} \caption{\label{fig_7}}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{7}\includegraphics[]{image-10.png} \caption{\label{fig_8}Figure 7 :}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-11.png} \caption{\label{fig_9}I}\end{figure} \begin{figure}[htbp] \noindent\textbf{} \par \begin{longtable}{P{0.20381471389645775\textwidth}P{0.423841961852861\textwidth}P{0.004632152588555858\textwidth}P{0.018528610354223433\textwidth}P{0.02316076294277929\textwidth}P{0.06021798365122616\textwidth}P{0.11580381471389646\textwidth}} \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{28. ASTM E8/E8M-13a: standard test methods for}\\ \tabcellsep tensiontesting\tabcellsep of\tabcellsep metallic\tabcellsep materials.\tabcellsep West\\ Year 2015 24\tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Conshohocken, Novosibirsk: SpringerScience+Business Media, 2003.}\\ I\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ e XV Issue IV Version\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ ( ) Volum E\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ Global Journal of Researches in Engineering\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\ \tabcellsep \multicolumn{5}{l}{Hopkinson pressure bar. ComposSciTechnol 2005;}\tabcellsep dynamic tensiletests using a Hopkinson bar. J Phys\\ \tabcellsep 65(1): 61-71.\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep IV 2003; 110: 565-570.\end{longtable} \par {\small\itshape [Note: © 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)]} \caption{\label{tab_0}}\end{figure} \backmatter \subsection[{V. Acknowledgements}]{V. Acknowledgements}\par The authors wish to thank Universidad CEU San Pablo (Madrid, Spain) for facilities and resources provided. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Carlos III de Madrid Engineering Department. \begin{bibitemlist}{1} \bibitem[ Society for ExperimentalMechanics ()]{b18}\label{b18} \textit{}, \textit{Society for ExperimentalMechanics} 2001. 4359 p. . \bibitem[Staab and Gilat ()]{b5}\label{b5} ‘A direct-tension split Hopkinson bar for high strain-rate testing’. G Staab , A Gilat . \textit{ExpMech} 1991. 31 p. . \bibitem[Gerlach et al. ()]{b10}\label{b10} ‘A new split Hopkinson tensile bar design’. R Gerlach , C Kettenbeil , N Petrinic . \textit{Int J Impact Eng} 2012. 50 p. . \bibitem[Harding ()]{b1}\label{b1} ‘A tensile testing technique for fiber-reinforced composites at impact rates of strain’. 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