1. INTRODUCTION

yanmar, 40 th largest nation in the world, geographically located between 9º 32' and 28º 31' N latitude; and 92º 10' and 101º 11' E. It situated as the strategic link of South Asia and South East Asia. It covers a land area of over 676,577 square kilometers and stretches over 2280 kilometers [3].

2. a) Myanmar's Three Coasts

Myanmar is very susceptible to extreme weather risks, landslides, sea-level rise related to air-current, and predicted future climate change. Coastal erosion and flooding are further risks which are predicted to grow. Tropical storms, occasional cyclones suffer regularly. The coastline is nearly 3000 km, extending about 1900 km from 10° to 21° North of the Equator, and 93° to 97° East of Greenwich [4].

Author: PhD, Post Doc, Honorary Professor and Honorary Doctor of Science, Professor of Department of Electrical Power Engineering, and Director of Department of Maintenance Engineering, Yangon Technological University (YTU), Myanmar. e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Unsustainable development can exacerbate the rural poverty in the coastal areas, and cause to leave the native villagers and weaken the majority of the population. Consequently, the rural population is behind the urban populations grow and prosper. Rural poverty remains the problem, and in the context of rising sea levels, and increasingly unstable weather. Coastal resilience is an issue of ever growing importance [4].

3. b) Standalone Mini-Grids in Myanmar

National Electrification Planning (NEP) of Myanmar Agenda 2030 aimed to electrify 7.2 million households, and achieve universal access to electricity by 2030. In the long term, the least cost extension of the National Grid System (NGS) included. For preelectrification, the standalone Mini-Grids and Solar Home Systems (SHS) are the options for the rural areas far from that National Grid will take many years to reach [13]. The criteria to implement the standalone Mini-Grid are the village can't electrify by the NGS in the next five to ten years, its location is at least 10 kilometers from the NGS, the sufficient demand for Mini-Grid scale, and the number of households should be 150 to 200 with the concentrated group. Large villages with high demands are preferable as a high possibility of the stronger revenue streams to achieve Sustainable Mini-Grids [9].

4. c) Motivation

The motivation of this work is to energize the village with the Innovative Hybrid System to conserve the Coastal Eco-System. Also, it targeted to promote the Rural Electrification rate by improving the Green Growth.

5. d) e) Identification of the Problems

The inhabitants are commonly using the small Diesel Generators for the water pumping and the industrial loads. All the houses apply the Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) for the lightings and the fuelwood for the cookings. The hierarchical methodology is comprehensive process that involved the seven steps depicted as the pyramid in Fig. 2. The site survey is the fountain and essential work to know the real ground situation. The problems of the existing Energy access identified. Then, the appropriate Energies selected due to the potentials of the site and the priorities of the country. As the third step, the relevant technology and components chose. The load profiles predicted. The input parameters To solve above problems, the Standalone PVWind-Battery Hybrid Mini-Grid modeled in HOMER Pro.

6. Global

7. b) Selection and Inputs of the Resources

Due to the geographical location, Myanmar has a rich Solar potential, and 60% of the land area appears suitable for PV deployments [10]. Fig. 4 [11] illustrates GHI (Global Horizon Irradiation) of Myanmar. From it, it is clear that the project location has the potential of Solar PV Energy. There are a few months (June, July, and August), which cannot favor for the PV generation. Hence, PV Energy is firstly selected to harvest. The strong winds can damage not only PV modules but also the construction components. However, the positive impacts can cause the low and medium speed winds. These winds create the cooling effects on PV modules and increase the power generation [11]. Hence, the Wind potential showed in Fig. 6 is not high, but, it can be beneficial for PV system. In June, July, and August, Wind has the high potentials. Thus, Wind System can compensate the less generation of PV System in these months. This point is the advantage of PV-Wind Hybrid System. The Eco-friendly and the Energy Efficient loads are considered. To apply the effective simulationfeatures of HOMER Pro, the total demand divided into two main types, Primary Load (PL) and Deferrable Load (DL) as depicted in Fig. 7. PL is sub-divided into two types. PL1 (small) includes the LED lamps, flat TVs, and other small loads. PL2 (large) consists of the kitchen loads (the ricecookers, the cooking pots), the cooling loads (the fans, the air-coolers, and the water-coolers) and the small industrial loads listed in Table 1. DL composed of two categories. DL1 (small) contains the mobile chargers, the power banks, and the rechargeable LEDs. DL2 (large) involves the fifteen 1.5 kW water pumping loads. Based on the collected data from a site visit in January 2018, the load profiles predicted for a one Pagoda, a one Monastery, 250 households (HH), and the school, the street lightings, the water pumping loads, and the small industrial loads. The households (HH) are classified as the three groups depending on the demands. The low and high demand groups have 25 and 50 households. The medium demand group has 175 households. All demands (PL1, PL2 and DL) connected in the M3 and M4. PL1 is 108.6 kWh per day and 37.34 kW peak. PL2 is 336.14 kWh per day and 59.28 kW peak. Deferrable Load is 43 kWh per day and 28.75 kW peak.

Globally, the largest amount of GHG is significantly emitted from the fossil fuels utilizations for Electricity Generations [23]. Hence, the notable point is Diesel Mini-Grid (M4) modeled with the same demands as M3 to determine the specific amount of GHG Emissions, also, the fuel usage and the fuel cost from it.

8. f) Inputs of Main Components

The parameters of the main components of the standalone PV Mini-grid modeled in HOMER Pro.

9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The thousands of Techno-Economic designs simulated for the four Models in HOMER Pro. Then, the optimum designs calculated with the Tabular results of two: the upper portion is the Sensitivity Cases and the lower portion is the Optimization Results as reflected in Figs. 19 to 22. The displayed results are listed for the models from the top to bottom of the optimistic to the least cost-effective options [24]. M1 to M3 connected with the different demands. Hence, the different capacities of the Architecture, the costs, system and other respective results predicted. The outcomes of M4 (the same demands as M3 with the different type of generation) reflected its consequent negative impacts. The main results of four models mentioned in Table 4. M3 can supply all demands with the lowest cost of energy (COE) among three Models of PV-Wind-Battery Hybrid. Also, it observed that COE of M3 and M4 are not much differed. Fig. 23 mentioned the evident Emissions, the six pollutants from M4. There are no Diesel fuel consumptions, Diesel fuel costs, and no impacts (zero GHG Emission) by M3. Thus, M3 is selected as the proposed system of this research. Figs. 24 to 33 revealed the graphical results of M3.

Fig. 1 shows Myanmar's three Coasts, Rakhine Coast, Ayeyarwady Delta Coast, and Tanintharyi Coast. Mayu and Kaladan rivers flow into the Rakhine Coast. Ayeyarwady, Sittaung and Thanlwin rivers flow into Ayeyarwady Delta Coast, and Ye, Dawai, Tanintharyi, Lenya rivers flow into the Tanintharyi Coast [3]. — Figure 1. Fig. 1

Fig. 1: Myanmar's Three Coasts [6] Tanintharyi Coast is the longest among three. It bounded by the Andaman Sea in the West. It scopes South of the Gulf of Mottama up to the mouth of Pakchan River. It also included Myeik Archipelago, and Andaman Sea [3]. The Coasts are abundant with the coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, mudflats, estuaries, and the dunes. These all play the role to uplift the quality of life of local community, and the environmental diversity. Also, these are paramount for the development of the agricultural, forestry, fishery and the tourism sectors [5].Unsustainable development can exacerbate the rural poverty in the coastal areas, and cause to leave the native villagers and weaken the majority of the population. Consequently, the rural population is behind the urban populations grow and prosper. Rural poverty remains the problem, and in the context of rising sea levels, and increasingly unstable weather. Coastal resilience is an issue of ever growing importance[4]. — Figure 2. Fig. 1 :

AN INNOVATIVE ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY MODEL FOR A COASTAL VILLAGE IN SOUTHERN MYANMAR — Figure 3. F

Fig. 2: The Pyramid of the Hierarchical Methodology — Figure 4. Fig. 2 :

Fig.4: GHI of Myanmar[11] — Figure 6. Fig. 4 :

Fig. 5: GHI of a Village Lel HpetThe input resources data of GHI downloaded from NREL (National Renewable Energy Lab) database in HOMER Pro highlighted in Fig.5. Also, the required temperature data and Wind resources data downloaded from NREL in HOMER Pro. — Figure 7. Fig. 5 :

Fig. 6: Wind Resources Data of a Village Lel Hpet c) Load ProfilesThe Eco-friendly and the Energy Efficient loads are considered. To apply the effective simulationfeatures of HOMER Pro, the total demand divided into two main types, Primary Load (PL) and Deferrable Load (DL) as depicted in Fig.7. — Figure 8. Fig. 6 :

Fig. 7: The Composition of the Total Demand — Figure 9. Fig. 7 :F

Fig. 8: PL1 Input in HOMER Pro — Figure 10. Fig. 8 :Fig. 9 :Fig. 10 :F

Fig.11: M1 — Figure 11. Fig. 11 :Fig. 12 :Fig. 13 :F

Fig.15: Economics Parameters of M3 — Figure 12. Fig. 15 :

Fig.17: Inputs of PV System in HOMER Pro (M1 to M3) The costs of PV for 1 kW are: Capital cost 1300 $; Replacement cost 0 $; Operation and maintenance cost 10 S/year, and lifetime 20 years. The advanced input is the ground reflectance 20%, and the array (panel) slope is 20.92°. Temperature inputs also set with PV Array temperature coefficient (%/°C) -0.43, and PV Array operating cell temperatures 43; and efficiency of the standard test condition is 15.5% as reflected in Fig. 17. The battery inputs for 1 kWh are: Capital cost 360 $; Replacement cost 300 $; Operation and maintenance cost 20 S/year; lifetime ten years. The converter inputs are: for 1 kW are: Capital cost 500 $; Replacement cost 450 $; Operation and maintenance cost 10 S/year and lifetime fifteen years. The costs of 20 kW Wind Generator is: Capital cost 14500 $; Replacement cost 0 $; Operation and maintenance cost 400 S/year, and the lifetime 20 years. It can easily imagine that the input components of Renewables are high-quality products due to their high costs. For Diesel Mini-Grid (Model4, M4), 50 kW Diesel Generator costs are: Capital cost 10000 $; Replacement cost 8000 $; Operation and maintenance cost 1.5 $ per hour; and the lifetime 15000 hours as shown in Fig.18. The Diesel fuel price inputted 0.62 and 0.72 $/L. 25 kW Diesel Generator costs are: Capital cost 4500$; Replacement cost 4000 $; Operation and maintenance cost 0.75 $ per hour; and the lifetime 15000 hours. — Figure 13. Fig. 17 :

Fig.18: Inputs of Diesel Generator1 (50 kW of Diesel Mini-Grid, M4) — Figure 14. F

Fig.19: Simulative Tabular Results of M1 in HOMER Pro — Figure 15. Fig. 19 :

Fig. 22: Simulative Tabular Results of M4 (Diesel Mini-Grid) in HOMER Pro — Figure 16. Fig. 22 :F

Fig. 24: Simulative Results: Optimization Surface Plot of PV Array vs. Wind with Variables: Total NPC and COE — Figure 17. Fig. 24 :

Fig. 25: Simulative Results: PV Power Output of Proposed Zero-Emission, PV-Wind-Battery Hybrid — Figure 18. Fig. 25 :Fig. 26 :

Fig. 30: HOMER Pro Simulative Results: Time Series Detail Analysis of the Deferrable Load Storage Level — Figure 19. Fig. 30 :FF

Figure 21. Project Location in Tanintharyi Coast Fig. 3 mentions the project location in the map- box of HOMER Pro. The village Lel Hpet in Tanintharyi Coast placed according to its geographical coordinates

	validated as the fifth step. The principal work is
	the Techno-Economic Optimizations of different
	models performed in the well-proven tool, HOMER
	Pro (version 3.11.5). The final step is the selection
	of the Best Model.
		The identified problems are:
	1) Contribution to the Global Warming due to the
		GHG Emissions from the burning of the Diesel
		fuels and the fuelwood [15-18],
	2) Deforestation and Climate Change from the
		application of the fuelwood for the cooking,
	3) Degradation of the bio-diverse eco-systems in
		the Coastal Region,
	4) Health problems from the burning of the Diesel
		fuels and the fuelwood [20-22],
	5) Easy to be fire hazards from the applications of
		the Diesel Generators and the firewood,
Hierarchical Methodology	6) Insufficient and the limited supply from the
		existing SHS and the Diesel Generators, and
Selection of the Best Model	7) Environmental (Negative) impacts from the usages of the Fluorescent Lamps [19-21].
Simulation in	II.	ZERO-EMISSION ENERGY (STANDALONE
HOMER Pro		PV-WIND-BATTERY HYBRID) MODEL IN
Validation of		HOMER PRO
Input Parameters
Selection of Technology and
Component
Evaluations of Load Profiles
Selection of Renewables
Site Survey
		Fig. 3: Project Location (Village Lel Hpet)

Note: a)

Figure 22. Table 1 :

Load Type	Description	Power	Amount
		(kW)
PL2	Carpentry Workshop	1000	8
	Cold Storage	140	20
DL2	Water Pumping	1500	15

Figure 23. Table 2 :

Group	Primary Load 1	Primary	Small Deferrable
		Load 2	Loads
	(kilowatt, kW)	(kW)	(kilowatt hour,
			kWh)
Low	1.320	22.5	1.305
Medium	13.833	192.5	13.020
High	11.600	60	4.350

Figure 24. Table 4 :

Mo-	Design	Capacity	Annual	Cost	Net	Operating	Initial		Diesel Fuel
del			Production/	of	Present	Cost	Capital
			Throughput	Energy	Cost
			(kWh/yr)	($)	($)	($/ yr)	($)	(L/yr)	($/L)	($/yr)
M1	PV	29.4 kW	43504	0.597	479476	13990	262097	-	-	-
	Wind	60 kW	122876
	Battery	144 kWh	19037
	Converter	28.8 kW	-
M2	PV	84.8 kW	125593	0.388	909898	29893	448220	-	-	-
	Wind	140 kW	286711
	Battery	270 kWh	38361
	Converter	55.7 kW	-
M3	PV	87.1 kW	129044	0.352	902973	29267	448223	-	-	-
	Wind	160 kW	327670
	Battery	243 kWh	34360
	Converter	54.3 kW	-
M4	DG1	50	137742	0.351	970515	53937	132429	45057 0.62		27935
									0.72	32441
	DG2	25	45975					16867 0.62		10457
									0.72	12144

Appendix A

Appendix A.1 Acknowledgements

The author expresses his deepest sense of gratitude to his beloved father, U Sein Hla (Ret. Executive Electrical Engineer, National Literatures Awarded Author, and the member of Central Executive Committee of Myanmar Writers Association), and his beloved mother, Daw Htway Lay for their infinite kindness and the greatest encouragements.

Appendix B

Appendix B.1

The author is very much obliged to SayarGyi Prof. Dr. U Nyi Hla Nge (Ret. Deputy Minister of Ministry of Science and Technology, Chairman of Steering Committee for Centre of Excellence Technological Universities, and Vice Chairman of National Education Policy Commission) for his great leadership and guidance. Also, the author is deeply indebted to Prof. Dr. Myint Thein, the Rector of Yangon Technological University for his kind permission.

The author has great pleasure in acknowledging the sincere gratitude to Dr. Peter Lilienthal (CEO and Founder of HOMER Energy, USA) for his kind supports.

The author offers special thanks to JICA EEHE (Japan International Cooperation Agency, Enhancement of Engineering Higher Education) Project at Yangon Technological University in Myanmar for funding the author charge.

Appendix C

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Myanmar National Electrification Project, https://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1509_05.html15.https://www.volker-quaschning.de/datserv/CO2-spez/index_e.php16.https://carbonpositivelife.com/co2-per-litre-diesel/ 2015. Washington D.C, USA. 14. (World Bank)
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An Innovative Zero-Emission Energy Model for a Coastal Village in Southern Myanmar

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